MAMMALIA. 639 



Sp. a) With tail hairy throughout, Equus Cdballus L.; the horse; this 

 animal is no longer met with in its original wild state, but has returned to 

 that state in the steppes of Asia and the extensive plains of South America. 

 The wild horses differ from the tame by their larger head and smaller size ; 

 see SCHREBER Saugth. Tab. 309. There is no domestic animal more 

 highly prized by man that the horse. The horse li ves about thirty years ; 

 there are, however, examples of horses that have been forty or more years 

 old. They go with young eleven months. In the fifth year all the milk 

 teeth are replaced by permanent teeth. Of this animal the beautiful de- 

 scription of BUFFON, Hist. nat. rv. pp. 174 257, may be referred to as 

 well as the finished memoir of J. A. WAGNER in SCHREBER'S Sdugthiere, 

 VI. s. 15 169. For the different races may be consulted D'ALTON Natur- 

 geschichte des Pferdes, iter Thl. folio trans v. Weimar, 1812 (2ter Theil, 

 Anatomie des Pferdes, 1816), KUNZ Abbildungen sdmmtlicher Pferde- 

 Racen, mit BemerTcungen von D'ALTON, Karlsruhe, 1827, fol. On the true 

 proportions of the exterior of the horse BOJANUS has treated in the Isis of 

 OKEN, 1823, i. s. 106 112, Taf. i. On the anatomy of the horse there 

 are many works, as J. D. SAUNIER Parfaite connaissance des Chevaux, La 

 Haye, 1734 fol., G-. STUBBS The Anatomy of the Horse, BOURGELAT 

 Precis anat. du corps de Cheval, &c. Also LETH'S Handbuch der Anatomic 

 der Hausthiere (Stuttgart, 1850, 8vo), as treating especially of the horse, 

 and illustrated by many excellent wood-cuts, must not be forgotten by us. 



b) With tail hairy at the extremity, Sp. Equus Asinus L., the ass; a 

 black cross over the shoulders; long ears. The wild ass (Equus onager f 

 the Kulan of the Kirgisses, see SCHBEBER Saugth. 312 after PALLAS; 

 compare EVERSMANN Bulletin de la Soc. de Moscou, 1840, pp. 56, 58), lives 

 in large troops in Tartary, and moves in the winter to more southern 

 ' regions 1 . The ass as a domestic animal is commonly as much neglected 

 as the horse is cherished and cared for. The horse and the ass copulate 

 together and produce a spurious breed of two sorts; the mule, mulus, le 

 mulet, from an ass with a mare, and the mule-ass, hinnus, le bardeau, from 

 a stallion with a she-ass. These spurious breeds are only rarely prolific a . 



Equus hemionus PALL., Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. Tom. xix. Tab. 7; 

 Dziggetai or Dsikkelai of the Mongols, light-brown or ruddy yellow, with a 

 black stripe on the middle of the back ; lives in the sandy plains of central 

 Asia. Very similar seems the Kiang (Proceed. Zool. Soc. 1848, pp. 62, 63, 

 1849, pp. 29, 30), if this be really a peculiar species. 



South Africa has three striped species of this division: Equus zebra L., 

 Equus montanus BURCHELL, het wilde paard, BUFF. xn. PL i, SCHREBER 

 Saugth. Tab. 316, Menag. du Hus. d. 8vo, II. pp. 194 206, with fig. ; 

 striped black and white, the legs ringed black and white ; Equus quagga 

 GM., BUFF. Suppl. vi. PI. 7, SCHBEB. Saugth. Tab. 317, 317 A, Menag. 

 duMus. i. pp. 311 318, with fig., GUEB. Iconogr., Mammif. PI. 41, fig.i; 



1 Here also belongs the Hemionus of ISID. GEOFFROY SATNT-HILAIRE, Nouv. Ann. 

 du J/itf. iv. 1835, p. 97, PI. 8. 



2 The she-mule-ass, for example of ZOPYBUS, see HERODOTUS, in. 153, comp. 151. 



