THE CRESTED GOSHAWK. 177 



Length 21 inches, tail 97, -wing 16, tarsus 3-4, bill from gape T45. The 

 female is rather larger. The second, third, fourth, and fifth primaries are 

 emarginated on the outer webs : in this respect it resembles C. melano- 

 leucus ; but the young of the two species, apart from their plumage, can 

 always be separated by their size, C. aruginosus being a much larger 

 bird. 



The Marsh-Harrier is extremely common in all the low-lying plains of 

 the province in the winter season, from September to May. 



It is found, according to season, in Europe, Africa, and a considerable 

 portion of Asia. In winter it visits, as far as Eastern Asia is involved, 

 India and Ceylon, the Indo-Burmese countries, China, Cochin China, 

 the Malay peninsula and the Philippine Islands. 



Another Harrier (C. spilonotus) occurs in Eastern Asia, and may pro- 

 bably be found to wander into Burmah. The male is entirely white below, 

 with the throat and breast streaked with black. 



The Marsh- Harrier frequents by preference swamps and localities where 

 water is abundant ; but I have also frequently seen it, late in the hot 

 weather, in parched burnt-up grass-plains. Like other Harriers, it 

 always flies pretty near the ground, resting at times on clods of earth or 

 even on the ground itself. It is said occasionally to remain in India 

 throughout the year and to breed there. Its nest is placed on the ground 

 near water ; and the eggs, three to six in number, are pale bluish green, 

 sometimes marked with pale brown. 



Genus ASTUR, Lacep. 

 555. ASTUR TRIVIRGATUS. 

 THE CRESTED GOSHAWK. 



Falco trivirgatus, Temm. PI. Col. 303. Spizaetus rufitinctus, McCleU. P. Z. S. 

 1839, p. 153. Astur indicus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 81. Astur 

 trivirgatus, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 47 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 17 ; Sharpe, Cat. 

 Birds B. Mus. i. p. 105 ; Leyye, Birds Ceylon, p. 20 ; Hume, S. F. viii. p. 81. 

 Lophospizia trivirgatus, Hume, Rough Notes, i. p. 116; Bl $ Wald. B. 

 Burm. p. 62 ; Gurnet/, Ibis, 1875, p. 355 ; id. S. F. v. p. 502 ; David et Oust. 

 Ois. Chine, p. 22. Lophospizia indica, Hume, S. F. iii. p. 25 ; id. 8. F. v. p. 8. 

 Lophospizia rufitincta, Hume, 8. F. v. p. 124; Hume fy Dav. S. F. v. p. 7. 

 Astur rufitinctus, Hume, S. F. yiii. pp. 81, 152 ; Gates, S. F. x. p. 178. 



Description. Male and female. Above slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts 

 blackish and tipped with white ; head and neck clearer slaty grey, inclu- 

 ding a conspicuous occipital crest, the sides of the neck somewhat tinged 

 with rufous; quills browner than the back, primaries with rufescent 



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