xxxii LLOYD'S NATURAL HISTORY. 



trees they have fed upon, but attach them firmly by a strong 

 strand of silk to the branches, so that there is no danger of 

 the leaves falling from the tree. Some species belonging to 

 the same family form their pupae underground, but it is not 

 known whether the same species exhibit this difference of 

 habit, or whether the species are different. Internal feeders, 

 such as the Goat Moth, form their cocoons in galleries 

 in the wood in which they have fed, and many of these 

 have sufficient power of locomotion to push the fore part of 

 their bodies from the gallery into the open air before emerging 

 from the pupa. Other pupae may be found in reeds ; attached 

 to the bark of trees ; among dead leaves ; or in various other 

 situations. 



Pupae enclosed in cocoons are generally smooth, but those 

 which are naked, and especially those of Butterflies, are fre- 

 quently angular, and others are provided with spines or pro- 

 jecting appendages. The outlines of the principal parts of the 

 future Butterfly or Moth are indicated in the sutures of the 

 pupa ; but the legs, &c., are not enclosed in separate sheaths, 

 as is the case with the pupae of beetles. However, the long 

 proboscis of the Hawk Moths forms an exception, for this is 

 generally enclosed in a separate sheath, sometimes of great 

 length, and curiously twisted. The general colour of pupse 

 which are enclosed in cocoons, or are formed beneath the 

 ground or in other places of concealment, is of a lighter or 

 darker reddish-brown ; but those which are exposed to the light 

 are of brighter colours generally green or yellow with black 

 spots ; and green pupae are not unfrequently brilliantly metallic. 



The cocoons in which many pupae are enclosed differ con- 

 siderably. Some of them are very slight and flimsy, others 

 very thick. Some form a network, and others are solid. They 

 are generally white, brown, or yellow in colour, but occasion- 

 ally green. That of the Silkworm is a short oval yellow or 



