122 LLOYDS NATURAL HISTORY. 



fore-wings generally orange or red ; in these the base of the 

 ivings is generally broadly orange or red. Different species are 

 found throughout the northern half of South America, where 

 they seem to be local, but gregarious, and generally abundant 

 in their own localities. They may always be known by the 

 sub-marginal black spots on as much of the outer half of the 

 under side of the hind-wings as the basal colouring leaves 

 green. It is true that one or two species of Agrias are simi- 

 larly coloured beneath, but these are much larger and more 

 robust Butterflies, with dentated hind-wings, whereas the hind- 

 margins of Callithea are entire. 



THE GENUS GYN^CIA AND ITS ALLIES. 



This is a little group of Butterflies peculiar to Tropical 

 America, with broad, short wings ; the hind-margin of the fore- 

 wings almost entire, and the hind-wings generally slightly den- 

 tated, and produced at the anal angle. 



Callizona aceste (Linn.) is a tawny species, with more than 

 the apical half of the fore-wings black, crossed by an oblique 

 tawny band, and with white spots before the tip, the tip of the 

 hind-wings being likewise black. The under side of the hind- 

 wings is grey, with black stripes running obliquely outwards 

 from the costa, and others running inwards to the inner mar- 

 gin. In this genus, the hind-wings, though forming a rather 

 long oval, are not denticulated or produced. C. aceste is a 

 common South American insect, and is in the habit of settling 

 on tree trunks, with its wings held perpendicularly. The larva 

 is spiny, with short spines in the head, and the pupa has long 

 appendages on the head, as in Ageronia, 



A still commoner insect throughout all Tropical America 

 is Gynceria dirce (Linn.), which greatly resembles Callizona 

 aceste in its habits and transformations, but has shorter appen- 

 dages on the head of the pupa. It is a larger Butterfly, gener- 



