38 BIRDS. 



ff. Tibiae naked below. . . . HERODIONKS, N. 

 ee. Hind toe inserted above the level of tire rest, and usually 



shorter than any of the others. 

 h. Tibiae feathered below. 



i. Nostrils perforate ; head more or less naked. 



RAPTORES, J. 

 ii. Nostrils imperforate. 



j. Bill fissirostral gape wide, reaching to below eye. 



PICARI/E, H. 



jj. Bill stout, not fissirostral ; nostrils scaled or feathered. 



GALLING, L. 

 M. Tibiae naked below. 



k. Nostrils perforate. . . . ALECTORIDES, O. 

 kk. Nostrils imperforate. 



L Head bald ; tarsus reticulate. . HERODIONES, N. 



II. Head feathered ; tarsus usually scutellate. 



LlMICOL^E, M. 



IV. Toes lobate, webbed at base or not, but conspicuously 



bordered on sides by plain or scalloped membranes. 

 m. Tail rudimentary ; legs set far back. . PYGOPODES, S. 

 mm. Tail short ; a horny frontal shield. ALECTORIDES, O. 

 mmm. Tail perfect; forehead feathered, without horny shield. 



LlMICOLuE, M. 



V. Toes palmate ; three front toes full-webbed. 



n. Bill curved upwards ; legs elongated. . LIMICOL.E, M. 



nn. Bill lamellate, mostly flatfish and furnished at tip with a 



decurved nail. . . LAMELLIROSTRES, P. 



nnn. Bill not recurved nor lamellate. 



o. Hind toe not lobate ; wings long and pointed ; tail well 



developed LONGIPENNES, R. 



oo. Hind toe lobate ; wings and tail short. PYGOPODES, S. 



VI. Toes totipalniate ; all four full-webbed. STEGANOPODES, Q. 



G. FAMILIES OF PASSERES. 



I. Oscines. Each side of tarsus covered with a plate, undivided 

 in most of its length and meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge 



