SIGNS, ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., EXPLAINED. 



I. MAMMALS. 

 i.= Incisor teeth. 

 c.= Canines. 

 pui. = Preniolars. 

 )/t. = Molars. 



Thus kl i. f :f " indicates two incisor teeth on each side in the 

 upper jaw, and one on each side in the lower. 



"Toes 5-4" implies fore feet five-toed, hind feet four-toed. 



Other signs are as used in Birds. 



II. BIRDS. 



//.^Length in inches (along back from tip of bill to end of 

 longest tail feather); thus, "L. 7" means, length 7i inches. 

 #.:=Extent (spread of wing) measured in inches. 



W.= Length of w r ing (from bend of closed wing carpal joint 



to tip of longest feather) in inches. 

 jP.=Length of tail in inches (i.e., actual length of the longest tail 



feather.) 

 #.:= Length of bill in inches (measured along culmen from tip to 



frontal feathers.) 

 Zfrt=Length of head in inches (measured with dividers from 



base of bill to nape.) 



7V = Length of tarsus in inches (measured in front.) 

 7W.= Length of middle toe with its claw. 



The measurements given in the descriptions are understood to 

 represent a fair nreracje nflvlt mrfe; a variation of one-sixth, or 

 more, in absolute length is. nothing unusual ; rd fit ire lengths, as of 

 wings and tail, are much more constant. To save space I have 

 preferred to say " L. 6," to saying " L. 5-i to 6i." 

 S=Male. 

 ?= Female. 



