XIV 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER SEVEN: FLOWERS 

 Section 60. Introductory . .... 



A. Pollination ..... 



B. Protection 



C. Evolution of flowers 



D. Flowers as sex organs . 

 Section 61. General structure 



A. Essential and accessory parts 



B. The outer parts . . . . 



C. The inner parts .... 



D. The receptacle .... 

 Section 62. Variations in structure .... 



A. The evolution of flower forms 



B. The simplest flowers 



C. Kinds of perianths 



D. Variations of the androecium 



E. Variations of the gynoecium . 



F. Variations in the number of parts . 



G. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons 

 Section 63. Inflorescences 



A. Advantages 



B. Kinds 



Section 64. More about pollination .... 



A. The waste of pollen 



B. Kinds of pollination 



C. The stigma . . 



D. Wind-pollination .... 



E. Insect-pollination .... 



Yucca and pronuba 



Fig and wasp .... 



F. Prevention of close-pollination 



G. Cleistogamy 



H. Which kind of pollination is better ? 



258 

 261 

 265 

 265 

 267 

 270 

 270 

 271 

 271 

 276 

 276 

 278 

 280 

 284 

 287 

 289 

 292 

 294 

 295 

 296 

 297 

 301 

 301 

 302 

 305 

 307 

 309 

 315 

 316 

 319 

 320 

 321 



CHAPTER EIGHT: FRUITS AND SEEDS 



Section 65. Functions of fruits and seeds 325 



Section 66. The nature of fruits 328 



A. Aid in dispersal ....... 328 



B. Classification of fruits ...... 330 



C. Dehiscent and indehiscent fruits . . . . 330 



