Contents 



Page 



Abstract 1 



Petroleum Hydrocarbons 2 



Sources of Oil in United States Waters 3 



Transfer and Dissipation of Oil in the Marine Environment 4 



Exposure of Marine Birds to Oil 5 



Biological Effects of Oil on Marine Birds 5 



Feather-oiling 6 



Toxicology, physiology, and pathology 7 



Reproduction 8 



Behavior 9 



Organochlorines 9 



Exposure of Marine Birds to Organochlorines 10 



Biological Effects of Organochlorines on Marine Birds 15 



Toxicology, physiology, and pathology 15 



Reproduction 18 



Behavior 22 



Heavy Metals 22 



Exposure of Marine Birds to Heavy Metals 23 



Biological Effects of Heavy Metals on Marine Birds 25 



Toxicology, physiology, and pathology 25 



Reproduction 27 



Behavior 29 



Plastic and Other Artifacts 29 



Recommendations 30 



Acknowledgments 31 



References . . 31 



