x.] TOUR IN NORWAY, 1851. 349 



of ivaves and dirt bands in the ice, near twenty in 

 number, which I saw beautifully by the evening light, 

 and at a distance of several miles. It may be proper to 

 mention that by waves or wrinkles we mean alternate 

 ridges and furrows in the ice, on a very large scale, and 

 approximately transverse to the glacier, or running from 

 side to side, but more forward in the centre than at the 

 side, so that their ground plan is concave to the origin of 

 -lacier: by dirt bands we denote bands of cellular 

 or friable ice, in which mud and stony fragments find a 

 lodging, and thus faintly discolour the surface of the 

 ier in the same wave-like forms as the ridges and 

 i'u ITU \\s just mentioned, with which they are so far 

 identical that they are found constantly together; so that 

 the " wrinkles " are visible at a distance mainly by the 

 >loration which the "dirt bands " occasion. Ac- 

 cordingly, the latter were first observed by me at Cha- 

 mounix in 1842, the former in the following year. I am 

 not prepared to affirm that the explanation of this 

 curious phenomenon is clearly made out ; but I have 

 elsewhere endeavoured to show that it certainly depends 

 upon the laws of motion of the glacier, and on the 

 peculiar consistency of the ice of which glaciers are 

 composed. It is pleasing to find features long over- 

 looked, yet apparently essential characters of a true 

 glacier, recognized in regions so remote as Switzerland 

 and Norway, and even in the gigantic mountain chains 

 of northern India. 



' The Nygaard Glacier, which is of great length, de- 

 scends the valley which contains it by angular zigzags, 

 inbling a carefully constructed but gigantic highway, 

 embanked at thr turnings by its own moraines, and there 

 three such turnings quite distinct. It is in all pro- 

 lit y the most regularly developed glacier in Norway. 

 Comparing it with the Swiss glaciers, it somewhat 

 resembles the Mer <!< (I lace above Montan vert, but in 

 ills t-ir >h<rt of it, owing to the want 

 iiii'' l.;iek L aMijii,l ; the vi<-\v IXTC terminating as 11 

 in tin- :' Ida <f the " Fnml." a poor con- 



