CHAPTER XIII. 



ENTEROPNEUSTA. 



NDER the name of Enter opnetcsta it is customary to place 

 e isolated form Balanoglossus next to the Echinodermaia^ 

 ince it scarcely presents closer relationship to any other 

 division. At the close of this chapter something further 

 will be said on its probable position in the system. In order 



13 make oui'selves more easily understood concerning the 

 evelopmental processes, it seems necessary to discuss first 

 3me morphological conditions. ^ 

 Anatomical. — Balanoglo.9sus possesses an elongated vermi- 

 jrm body, on which different regions can be recognized 

 externally. Anteriorly the so-called acorn [balanus], less ap- 

 propriately called proboscis, is marked off from the rest of 

 the body ; upon this follows the mascular collar, and then the 

 branchial region, which gradually merges into the posterior 

 part of the body (Fig. 164). Acorn and collar are essentially 

 a locomotor apparatus, and therefore are largely composed of 

 muscle fibres, which can be distinguished as external circular 

 and internal longitudinal muscles. The cavities inside both 

 organs which are left between the longitudinal muscles and 

 connective-tissue cells can be filled with water from the out- 

 side by means of one or two dorsal pores lying at the base 

 of the acorn (Fig. 165 p). Similar pores also conduct water 

 into the cavities in the collar (Spengel). These conditions 

 have been compared to those of the water-vascular system of 



fl 1 [It should be mentioned here that since the publication of our de- 

 scription of the development of Balanoglossus the important works of 

 Spengel (No. VI.) and Morgan (Nos. II., IV.) have appeared, necessitating 

 some modifications in the account which we have given. The most im- 

 portant of these will be pointed out in what follows. — K.] 



373 



