in PHYLUM AND CLASS PORIFERA 111 



outer surface. The thick outer layer in which the bases of these 

 V oxeote spicules lie embedded, is termed the dermal cortex (dc). A 

 thick stratum at the inner ends of the canals and immediately 

 surrounding the paragastric cavity is termed the gastral cortex (gc). 

 It is supported by triradiate and also by tetraradiate spicules, one 

 ray of each of which (ftp") frequently projects freely into the para- 

 gastric cavity, covered over by a thin layer of flattened endoderm 

 cells. 



The mesogloea itself, as distinguished from the spicules which 

 lie embedded in it, consists of a clear gelatinous substance 

 containing numerous nucleated cells of several different kinds. 

 Most of these are small cells of stellate shape, with radiating 

 processes — the connective-tissue cells or collencytes (Fig. fcO, co) ; 

 others are fusiform ; a good many — the amoeboid wandering cells — 

 are Amoeba-like, and capable of moving about from one part of 

 the sponge to another. 



Around the inhalant pores and the apopyles are elongated cells 

 (Figs. 82 and 83), sometimes prolonged into narrow fibres. These 

 are contractile — effecting the closure of the apertures in question, — 

 and are therefore to be looked upon as of the nature of muscular 

 fibres. In the case of the inhalant pores they are ectodermal ; in 

 that of the apopyles they are endodermal. A band of similar 

 fibres surrounds the osculum — the oscular sphincter. 



The sexual reproductive cells — the ova (Figs. 80 and 81, ov) and 

 sperms— are developed immediately below the flagellate endoderm 

 cells of the flagellate canals, and in the same situation are to be 

 found developing embryos (em, em'), resembling in their various 

 stages those of Sycon raphanus, as described below, y 



2. — Distinctive Characters and Classification. 



Sponges are plant-like, fixed, aquatic Metazoa, all, with the 

 exception of one family, inhabitants of the sea. The primary form 

 is that of a vase or cylinder, the sides of which are perforated by a 

 number of pores and in the interior of which is a single cavity ; 

 but in the majority of Sponges a process of branching and folding 

 leads to the formation of a structure of a much more complex 

 character. The surface of the Sponge is covered by a single layer 

 of flattened cells — the ectoderm 1 — and the internal cavities, or a 

 part of them, are lined by a second single layer — the endoderm, — 

 part or the whole of which consists of a single layer of choanocytcs, 

 i.e. columnar collared cells, each provided internally with a long 

 flagellum. Between these two layers is a quantity of tissue 

 usually of a gelatinous consistency — the mcsoglaa — containing a 

 number of cells of various kinds. The wall of the Sponge is 

 pierced by a number of apertures. The skeleton or supporting 

 1 See footnote on p. 108. 



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