7?/M. a 



I. 01S.--Salamandra atra. The skull. A, from above; B, from below. In botli the 

 inve.stiiig lioiics arc reuinvL-d on the right .side of the figure. Af, antorbital process; Ax, 

 iUisi)henoid region ; />yy, Ijasal plate; Can, nasal cavity; t'/i, po.stcrior iiares ; CI, process of 

 intoriiasal plate ; Cocc. occipital condyles; F. frontal; Ft, olfactory foramen ; Fur. fenestra 

 ovalis ; IN. internasal plate ; Lil. ligament connecting stapes with suspeiisorium ■,-M. maxilla ; 

 N. nasal ; i\'«. nasal aperture ; SK, olfactory cap.sulc ; OB, auditory capsule ; OS, splieneth- 

 moid (orbitosphenoid); Osp. supraoccipital region; P, parietal ; Va, ascending process of siispen- 

 &or\\xm\ pid. pedicle; Pj. prefrontal ; Pmx. premaxilla ; Pol. otic process of suspensorium ; 

 Pp. palatine process of maxilla ; P». parasphenoid ; Pt. pterygoid bones ; 1 tc. iiterygoid 

 cartilage; Rt, foramen for ophthalmic branch of trigeminal; Qu. quadrate; Squ. para- 

 quadrate (squamosal) ; St. stapes ; Vo. vomer ; Vop. vomero-palatine ; Z, process of inter- 

 nasal plate ; II, optic foramen ; V, trigeminal foramen ; VII, facial foramen. (From 

 Wiedersheim's Conipamtirc Aaatomy.) 



Fio. 049.— SkuU of Ichthyophis glutinosa, x3. A, Lateral; B, Ventral; C, Dorsal view. 

 A. posterior process of the os articulare ; Ca. carotid foramen ; Ch. choana or iiosterior nasal 

 opening; F. frontal; /. jugal ; LO. exoccipital ; J/.c. maxilla; X. nasal; A'o. nostril; 

 0. orbit ; P. parietal ; Pa. palatine ; Pm. premaxilla ; Pof. postfrontal ; Prf. prefrontal ; 

 PI. pterygoid ; U. quadrate ; S. paraquadrate (squamosal) ; St. stapes ; T. tentacular groove ; 

 Vo. vomer ; x. exit of vagus nerve. (After Sarasin.) 



