BACTER/OLOGIC EXAMINATION OF WATER. 235 



water to be examined in the proportion of 1 : 10 or 1 : 100 

 with sterile water, mixing well, and making the plate- 

 cnltnres from the dilutions. 



It is best to count all the colonies if possible, but when 

 there are hundreds or thousands scattered over the plate, 

 an average estimation of a number of squares ruled upon 

 a glass background (Fig. 47), as suggested by Wolf hiigel, 

 is most convenient. In his apparatus a large plate of glass 

 is divided into small square di- 

 visions, the diagonals being spe- 

 cially indicated by color. The 

 plate or Petri dish is stood upon 

 the glass, and the number of 

 colonies in a number of small 

 squares is easily counted, and 

 the total number of colonies es- 

 timated. In counting the colo- 

 nies a lens is indispensable. 

 Special apparatuses have been 



devised for counting the Colo- 

 re . • ,• 1 /T -%. \ Fig. 49. — Esmarch's instrument 



nies in Petri dishes (Fig. 48) , . . . , . 



v # ° ^ ' for counting colonies of bacteria 



and in Esmarch tubes (Fig. 49). in tubes- 



The majority of the water- 

 bacteria are rapid liquefiers of gelatin, for which reason 

 it seems better to employ agar-agar than gelatin for 

 making the cultures. 



In ordinary hydrant-water the bacteria number from 

 2-50 per cubic centimeter ; in good pump-water, 100-500 ; 

 in filtered water from rivers, according to Giinther, 50-200 

 are present ; in unfiltered river-water, 6000-20,000. Ac- 

 cording to the pollution of the water the number may 

 reach as many as 50,000,000. 



The waters of wells and springs are dependent for their 

 purity upon the character of the earth or rock through 

 which they filter, and the waters of deep wells are much 

 more pure than those of shallow wells, unless contamina- 

 tion takes place from the surface of the ground. 



Ice always contains bacteria if the water contained 



