ii CHANGE OF FORM IN MUSCLE DURING ACTIVITY 113 



63. BERNSTEIN. Unters. aus d. physiol. Inst. d. Univers. Halle. II. Heft. 1890. 



p. 160. 

 /GRUNHAGEN'und SAMKOWY. Pfliigers Arch. IX. 1874. p. 399 und XXXIII. 



p. 59. 

 I SAMKOWY. Ueber den Einfluss verschied. Temp. -Grade auf die physiol. Eigen- 



schaften der Nerven und Muskeln. Inaug.-Diss. Berlin 1875. 



64. ( J. BIERNATH. Ueber die Irisbewegung einiger Kalt- und Warmbliiter bei Er- 



warmung und Abkiihlung. Inaug. -Diss. Leipzig. 



F. KUHE. Ueber den Einfluss der Warme und Kalte auf verschied. irritable 

 Gewebe warm- und kaltbliitiger Thiere. Inaug.-Diss. Bern 1884. 



G. PFALZ. Ueber das Verhalten glatter Muskeln verschied. Thiere gegen 

 *v Temp.-DifFerenzen und electr. Reizung. Inaug.-Diss. Leipzig 1882. 



65. HORVATH. Pfliigers Arch. XIII. 



66. F. S. LOCKE. Pfliigers Arch. 54 Bd. 1893. 



{Phil. Trans. 1884. p. 226. 

 J. of Physiol. (3). 1882. p. 380. 

 J. of Physiol. (4). 1883. p. 29. 

 J. of Physiol. (6). 1885. p. 361. 



68. CARSLAW. Du Bois Arch. 1887. p. 430. 



69. BIEDERMANN. Sitzungsbericht d. Wiener Acad. LXXXII. III. Abth. 1880. 



(Ueber rhythmische, durch chem. Reizung bedingte Contractionen quergestr. 

 Muskeln.) 



70. LUCIANI. Ber. d. sachs. Ges.. 1873. p. 11. 



71. VON BEZOLD. Unters. aus d. Wurzburger Labor. 1867. 



^ 2 f A. FICK. Unters. aus d. Wurzburger Labor. 2 Lief. 1873. 

 \FiCK u. BOHM in FICK, Myotherm. Untersuchungen. V. 



73. LAUDER-BRUXTON and CASH.] 



ICentralbl. f. Med. Wiss. 1883. 



VII. SUMMATION OF STIMULI AND TETANUS 



We have so far been considering single twitches only, as 

 yielded when a muscle is excited by stimuli of short duration. 

 It remains to be seen how a muscle reacts when two or several 

 stimuli succeed each other at diminishing intervals. If the 

 pauses are long enough to allow the muscle to relax completely 

 before the commencement of each new contraction, a series of 

 twitches is produced, in which each is completely separated from 

 the others, and only affected indirectly (as in the staircase, or 

 fatigue) in regard to magnitude and process of contraction. But 

 if the intervals are lessened, and the stimuli (single induction 

 shocks) succeed each other more rapidly, a limit will soon be 

 reached at which the new stimulus begins to take effect before 

 the first, or subsequent, twitches are completed, so that the 

 muscle is hindered from ever returning to perfect relaxation. 

 There will thus be a certain contraction remainder, which is in 



I 



