RECENT LITERATURE OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 395 



short way upon the cartilages, forming around the margin a vascular zone, named 

 by William Hunter " circulus articuli vasculosus," in which they end by loops of 

 vessels dilated at the bent part greatly beyond the diameter of ordinary capillaries 

 (Toynbee). In the foetus these vessels advance further upon the surface of the 

 cartilage than in the adult. The vessels of the vaginal synovial membranes are less 

 numerous than those of the synovial membranes of the joints. 



The synovial cavities do not appear to have so close a relation to the lymphatic 

 system as is the case with the serous cavities. For although lymphatic vessels have 

 been described by Tillmanns and others in the synovial membranes, they have not 

 been shown to communicate with the cavities, nor do they as a rule lie near the free 

 surface. In this respect they differ from the blood-capillaries, which may come close 

 up to the inner surface of the membrane. 



Nerves. W. Krause described the nerves of the synovial membranes (at least 

 those of the joints) as terminating in peculiar corpuscles allied to end-bulbs (p. 338 

 and fig. 398). Nicoladoni has traced nerves into a plexus of pale fibrils lying close 

 under the surface of the membrane. Pacinian corpuscles have also been noticed 

 under the synovial membranes in many places. 



Development. At the time of the formation of a joint by cleavage the tissue 

 around it forms, in its outer part, the fibrous capsule of the joint ; in its inner part, 

 the commencement of the synovial membrane. The cartilage cells on the surfaces 

 of the newly formed joint are at first, like those of the embryonic cartilage generally, 

 placed closely together without matrix or intercellular substance ; after a time this 

 appears in fine lines between the cells, so that there is then presented, in silvered 

 preparations, an epithelioid appearance. By a further development of intercellular 

 substance the superficial cells become more separated from one another, and now 

 possess an irregularly branched shape with communicating processes. Near the edge 

 of the cartilage this condition is permanent, so that the marginal zone of the synovial 

 membrane is formed in situ from what was originally cartilage. Nearer the centre 

 of the articular surface, a further change takes place in the progress of development. 

 The cells lose their processes and acquire the characters of ordinary cartilage-cells, 

 whilst the matrix between them becomes increased, and forms also a thin layer 

 covering their surface. In some places, e.g., the glenoid cavity of the articulation of 

 the lower jaw, the transformation into ordinary cartilage-cells may be incomplete, so 

 that the synovial membrane extends over a larger extent of the articular surface than 

 usual. 



BECENT LITERATURE OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. 



Bayer, K., Ueber Regeneration und Neubildung der Lymphdrilsen, Prager Zeitschr. f. Heilkunde, 

 vi., 1885. 



Dogiel, A., Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Slut- und Lymphgefdssen, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 

 xxii., 1883. 



Drews, B., ZeUvermehrung in der TonsiUa palatina beim Erwachsenen, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., 

 Bd. xxiv., 1884. 



Flemmingr, W., Studien uber Regeneration der Gewebe. 1. Die ZeUvermehrung in den Lymrh- 

 driisen und verwandten Organen und ihr Einfluss auf deren Ban, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., xxiv., 1884; 

 Schlussbemerkungen uber die ZeUvermehrung in den lymphoiden Driisen, Archiv f. mikr. Anat., 

 Bd. xxiv., 1884. 



Hoyer, H., Eeitrag zur Kenntniss der Lymphdrilsen, Archiv f. mikroskop. Anat., Bd. xxxiv., 

 1889. 



Paulsen, E., ZeUvermehrung und ihre Begleitungscrscheinungen in hyperplastischcn Lymphdruten 

 und Tonsillen, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. xxiv., 1884. 



Stohr, Ph., Ueber die "peripheren Lymphdriisen," Sitzungsber. d. physik. med. Gesellsch. in 

 Wiirzburg, 19 Mai, 3883 ; Ueber Mandeln und Balgdriisen, Virchow's Archiv, Bd. 97, 1884. 



VOL. I. D D 



