MISCELLANEOUS SERA AND EXTRACTS 65 



media, a fact that has retarded considerably any re- 

 search on immunization in leprosy. Passive immu- 

 nization has been attempted by Carrasquilla, Herman 

 and Abraham, and others, by injecting the blood of 

 lepers or the juice from nodular lesions into the horse, 

 and employing the serum from the animal thus in- 

 jected in the treatment of the disease. Slight im- 

 provement has been reported in a few cases. 



Antityphoid Ecctract of Jez. — Jez claimed anti- 

 toxic properties from an extract prepared from the 

 bone-marrow, spleen, and lymph-nodes of an animal 

 immunized to typhoid bacilH. This has been found to 

 have but little value in the treatment of typhoid fever. 



Leiicocytic Extract, — Attempts have been made 

 to increase the phagocytic powers by preparing and 

 injecting extracts made from leucocji;es, especially 

 in pneumonia. Both human and lower animal ex- 

 tracts have been employed. Manoukhine uses leuco- 

 cytes from the patient's owti blood, removing them 

 from 7 c.c. of the blood by centrifuging. He kills the 

 leucocytes by freezing, and then suspends them in 1 

 c.c. of salt solution, which he injects. He claims to 

 have obtained beneficial results in pneumonia by this 

 method. 



Antiferment. — The antiferment treatment of in- 

 fections was introduced by A. Miiller in 1907. In the 

 destruction of the polymorphonuclear leucocj^tes dur- 



