DRUGS. 



Vernacular. Bakoomba, Wakoomba, By. Peloa t Mai. Ace-mavoo y 



Tarn. Kumbi, Budadanedi, Tel. 

 Habitat. Kandeish, Western Ghats. 

 Remarks. Named after Carey. See "Woods." 



Caryophyllus aromaticus. Linn. Clove tree. 



Linn. Syst. Icosandria Monogynia. 



The dry undeveloped flowerCloves; and the fruit, Mother Clove. 



Vernacular. Luvunga, Sans. Lung, Liivun, II hid. Chankee, ?>lal. 

 CarumboOy Tam. Laivangum, Lawungaloo y Tel. Warrala, Krabu- 

 (jaha, Cey. Kurunphul, Arab. Mykek, Pers. Changkeh, La- 

 wanff t Malaya. Gaumedi, Moluccas. T/teny-hia (odoriferous nails), 

 China. 



Habitat. The Moluccas. Cultivated in New Guinea, Martinique, 

 St. Vincent, Zanzibar, Malabar, Mauritius, Bourbon, Amboyna. 



Remarks. Kurphullon is the Yonanee synonyme of the bazars, but the 

 best authorities deny that Pliny refers to the Clove under the name of 

 Garyophyllon ; and although Paulus ^Egineta (A. D. 600-700) notices 

 Kapvo<pvX\ov and, in Pereira's opinion, probably refers to the Clove, yetSpren- 

 gel, Pereira states, regards Simeon Seth (A. D. 1000-1100) as the first who 

 mentions the article. The passage in Pliny is "est etiamnum in India 

 piperis grani simile, quod vocatur g;aryophylloii, grandius fragiliusque* * 

 advehitur odoris gratia." The objection to his meaning the Clove is the 

 word "grandius," for the Clove it is said is not larger than a peppercorn, 

 but longer. But surely "grandius" will here bear the translation of 

 longer. Cicero uses the terms "grandis epistola" for " a long letter." 

 Considering the Arabic name, and the Yonanee synonyme of the bazars, the 

 Clove is undoubtedly the garyophyllon of Pliny. The only aromatic grain 

 more brittle and larger than pepper is Allspice, "a product of the West 

 Indies exclusively, which, of course, Pliny could not have dreamt of, 

 although Clusius and others harping on the word " grtwdiu*" have 

 thought this the substance he meant. The first Incas, whether they 

 were Egyptian, Chinese, or Englishmen, are considered to have been 

 drifted from the Old World to the New ; and the Hesperides may have been 

 the West India islands ; but within the historic period we have no men- 

 tion of American products until the days of Columbus ; nor could any have 

 been conveyed to Europe except by such fortuitous ocean currents as 

 transported Manco Capac and his followers to Peru, and of which we have 

 an example in the seeds of Entada scandens. Chinese books may yet prove 

 an immemorial communication between the opposite shores of the Pacific, 

 but it could never have been more than occasional, nor have extended in 

 any probability to the West Indies ; and the Atlantic was certainly not 

 crossed by de-sign until centuries after Pliny. The resemblance in sound 

 of the Arabic Kurun/>huf, Yonanee Kurphullon, Italian Garofane, and 

 French Girofle with the Latin Garyophyllon, whatever that was, is very 

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