DRUGS. 



Pinus Pinea. W. Stone Pine. 



Linn. Sytt. Monoecia Monadelphia. 



The seeds, Pine Nuts. 



Vernacular. Chilghoza, Pers. Chilgoja, Hind. 



Habitat. South Europe ; Ravenna. 



Remarks. These seeds are the KOKKC&OI of Hippocrates, and mrvftcg of 

 Dioscorides. The tree is the mrvs of the Greeks, and Trev^ Kavofopos of 

 Theophrastus. Royle says the Chilghosa of Cahul may be P. gerardiana. 



Pinus sylvestris. Linn. Scotch Pine. 

 Pinus palustris. Lamb. Swamp Pine. 

 PimiS Taeda. Lamb. Frankincense Pine. 



Linn. Sytt. Monoecia Monadelphia. 



The oleo resin, Common Turpentine ; the volatile oil, Oil of Ter- 

 pentine, Spirits of Turpentine, Essence of Turpentine ; the resin, 

 Yellow-Rosin, and Black-Rosin or Colophony ; and the products 

 of destructive distillation, Tar (liquid), and Pitch (solid). 



Vernacular. ? 



Habitat. P. sylvestris, Northern Europe ; P. Tceda, Virginia ; P. 

 palustris, the Confederated States of America. 



Remarks. The rep^ivBos or repedivQos of Hippocrates, Theophrastus, 

 and Dioscorides is considered to have been the Pistacia Terebinthus (W.) t 

 or Chian Turpentine tree. But the ancients may have included Common 

 and other Turpentines under that term, or at least must have known 

 Common Turpentine, as Tar is the Tr/rra of Theophrastus, and K S>vos or TnWa 

 vypd of Dioscorides, and Pitch the TnWa frpd and 7mXi>7rio-o-a of the latter. 

 He also mentions Pine Nuts (mrvfas) the seeds of Pinus Pinea (DeC~), 

 Stone Pine; and <am<r(ra (Zopissa of Pliny), a mixture of Pitch mixed 

 with wax scraped off the bottoms of sea-going ships. Pliny describes 

 several Pines, including probably Larix europcea (DeC.), Common 

 Larch; Pinus sylvestris; and Abies excelsa (DeC.), Norway Spruce 

 Fir ; and he mentions Rosin, and describes the preparation of Tar and 

 Pitch. The Scotch Pine is the source of European Common Turpentine ; 

 the Swamp and Frankincense Pines of American ; Bordeaux Turpentine, 

 and Galipot Tar and Pitch are from Pinus Pinaster (Lamb), Cluster 

 Pine. Venetian Turpentine is from Larix europcea, which is also the 

 source of Orenburgh-gum and Brian9on-manna. Strasburfih Turpentine. 

 is now obtained from Abies Picea (Lind.), Silver Fir. Thus or Com- 

 mon Frankincense (Abietis Resina, Phar. Lond.) and Burgundy Pitch 

 (Pix Abietina, Phar. Lond.) are from Abies excelsa; and Canada Balsam 

 from Abies Balsamea (Lind.), Balm of Gilead Fir. Essence of Spruce 

 is prepared from the tops of Abies nigra (Michaux), Black Spruce, and is 

 used in making Spruce Beer. See also " Gums and Resins." 

 84 



