SUGARS. 



called Zocthout-boschjc, used by the colonists as a substitute for Liquorice, 

 tbe root of Liqitoritia officinaUs, Monch. The root of Abrus precatorius, 

 Linn., Jamaica Wild Liquorice, is substituted here, and in the West 

 Indies. Ononis spinosa, W. Common Rest Harrow of Britain, Glycyr- 

 rhiza echinata, G. glandulifera, and Trifolium alpinum, have sweet 

 roots, which however are little known. All are Leguminous Plants. At 

 the Cape of Good Hope also the nectar found in the involucre of Protea 

 mellifera, Linn. N. O. 182. Proteacese, is collected and used under the 

 name of Boschjes Stroop. Other species also probably contribute to this 

 natural syrup. The flowers of Columnea scandens, N. O. 145. Gesneracerc, 

 secrete so large a quantity of honey that it is called Liane a sirop by the 

 French colonists. Quercus mannifera, N. O. 212. Corylacese is said 

 to yield a Manna in Kurdistan. Briancon Manna is obtained from 

 Larix europ&a, De C. Common Larch, N. O. 220. Coniferce. Cedar 

 Manna occurs on Cedrus Libani, Barrel, Cedar of Lebanon, also a Conifer. 

 Orcin Manna is found in various Lichenes, N. O. 273 ; and various 

 Algse, N. O. 276, as Laminaria saccharina, Ag., Halidrys siliquosa, and 

 Fucus vesiculosus, Linn, contain a considerable per centage of Manna-like 

 sugar. Sukhur-ool-ashur, the sugar of Calotropis gigantea, R., Brown, 

 is probably of the nature of Manna. Paullinia australis, and Serjania 

 lethalis, N. O. 48. Sapindacese, are supposed to furnish Lechequana 

 honey, which is as dangerous in its effects as that mentioned by Xenophon. 

 (Anab. lib. iv.) See under " Drugs," Alhayi Maurorum, Abrus preca- 

 torius, Liquoritia officinalis, and Calotropis gigantea. 



N. O. 53. VITACE.E. VINEWORTS. 

 Vitis vinifera. W, Common Grape Vine. 



Linn. Syst. Pentandria Monogynia. 



The sugar, Grape Sugar. 



Vernacular. The sugar, Dibs, Dips, Syria, Egypt. 



Habitat. 



Remarks. "In Syria a sweet preparation is made from the juice of 

 the grape. It consists chiefly of grape sugar, and is exported to Egypt 

 under the name of dips or dibs." "In Genesis xliii. v. 1 1, this word is 

 translated honey, though the sweet of the grape is probably meant. 

 Dibs is also the word used for Samson's honey (Judges xiv. 8), though 

 Assal is the word now employed in Syria and Egypt to denote the honey 

 of the bee." (Lewes in " The Chemistry of Common Life.") Raisins, 

 figs, dates, and prunes, abounding in grnpe-sugar, may with propriety 

 be classed amongst vegetable sugars ; as also the pods of Ceratonia 

 Siliqua, the Locust-tree of Europe ; Hymena>a Courbaril, the West Indian 

 Locust ; and GJeditschia triacantha, the Honey Locust of North America. 

 The pulp of the pod of Cathartocarpus Fistula is also sweet, but 

 nauseous. These four trees are all Leguminous. 

 248 



