GUMS AND GUM-RESINS. 



COPAL is thus produced by several trees, viz. the MEXICAN from 

 Species of Hymencea ; the BRAZILIAN from species of Hymencea, and 

 Trachylolium martianum ; anrl EAST INDIAN and MADAGASCAR from 

 Hymencea verrucosa, it is said. INDIAN COPAL, called also (Indian) 

 GUM ANIME, is yeilded by Vateria indica. But none of these are the 

 trees which yield the COPAL of the Eastern Coast of Africa, the source of 

 which is unknown. I have seen it stated that Rhus copallina is a source 

 of COPAL, but cannot find the reference. I have seen it stated also that 

 a Guibourtia is the source of AFRICAN COPAL, but find no such genus in 

 any botanical work. AFRICAN COPAL is found on the island of Zanzibar, 

 and on the neighbouring mainland. " It was observed," writes Burton, 

 "at Mombasah, Saadani, Muhonyera, and Mezegera of Uzaramo ; and was 

 heard of at Ba;amoyo, Inbuanriaji, and Kilwa." "The Arabs and Africans 

 divide the gum into two different kinds. The raw copal (copal vert of 

 the French market) is called sandarusi zamiti, 'tree copal' or chakazi, 

 corrupted by the Zanzibar merchant to 'jackass' copal. This chakazi is 

 either picked from the tree or is found, as in the island of Zanzibar, shal- 

 lowly imbedded in the loose soil where it has not remained long enough to 

 attain the phase of bitumenization." "The true or ripe copal, properly 

 called sandarusi, is the produce of vast extinct forests." "The gum 

 buried at depths beyond atmospheric influence, has, like amber and simi- 

 lar gum-resins, been bitumenized in all its purity, the volatile principles 

 being fixed by moisture and by the exclusion of external air.* * That it is 

 the produce of a tree is proved by the discovery of pieces of gum em- 

 bedded in a touchwood which crumbles under the fingers ; the 'goose skin/ 

 which is the impress of sand or gravel, shows that it was buried in a 

 soft state ; and the bees, flies, gnats, and other insects which are some- 

 times found in it delicately preserved, seem to disprove a remote geological 

 antiquity." (Lake Regions of Central Africa. Vol ii. p. 403-405.) 



The ANIME of the Bombay market is sometimes AFRICAN (Zanzibar) 

 COPAL, sometimes the resin of Vateria indica, and never the product of 

 Hymencea Courbaril, 



N. 0. 75. MORINGACE^E. MARINGADS. 

 Morhlga pterygosperma. Smooth Horse-radish Tree. 



Linn. Syst. Decandria Monogynia. 



Vernacular. See " Drugs." 

 Habitat. The two Indies, Africa. 



"Remarks. Yields MORINGA GUM, or SAIGUT-GOOND. Of N. O. 76. 

 Rosaceae, several species, particularly of the genus Prunus, yield CHERRY- 

 TREE GUM. Of N. O. 85. Myrtacese, Eucalyptus reslnifera affords 

 BOTANY BAY KINO, which must not be confounded with BOTANY BAY 

 GUM, the fragrant resin of Xanthorrhcea arborea, N. O. 242. Liliacese. 

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