PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. 



THE fourth edition of Cunningham's Text-book of Anatomy has lacked during its 

 preparation the able guidance of its original editor, but the various contributors 

 have attempted to maintain the standard of excellence which was Professor 

 Cunningham's ideal. 



The deaths of Professor Cunningham, Professor Birmingham, and Professor 

 A. H. Young have necessitated changes in the authorship of several of the articles. 



Every section has been fully revised; some have been partially and others 

 have been completely rewritten. 



In the majority of the sections numerous additional illustrations have been 

 added, or the original illustrations have been replaced by new figures better 

 adapted to their purpose, and colour has been largely used, particularly in diagrams. 



The sections originally written by Professor Cunningham were the Central 

 Nervous System, the Eespiratory System, and the Ductless Glands. The account 

 of the Central Nervous System has been revised and largely rewritten by 

 Professor Elliot Smith of Manchester. The Kespiratory System has been revised 

 and partly rewritten by Professor Berry of Melbourne ; and the section dealing 

 with the Ductless Glands has been rewritten by Professor A. Campbell Geddes 

 of Dublin. 



The description of the Alimentary System, originally written by Professor 

 Birmingham, has been revised and partially rewritten by Professor Waterston of 

 King's College, London. 



With regard to the sections dealing with General Embryology and the 

 Vascular System, in the original preparation of which I was associated with my 

 senior colleague and friend, Professor A. H. Young, I have completely rewritten 

 the account of General Embryology, and have revised and partially rewritten the 

 account of the Vascular System. 



It may be found, where the sections written by various authors overlap one 

 another, that there occur, in this as in previous editions, different accounts of 

 certain phenomena concerning which our knowledge is still in an indefinite stage, 

 and it must be understood that the authors of the various sections are solely 

 responsible for the opinions expressed in their own sections. 



The Basle anatomical terminology has been adopted throughout, except in 

 those cases where the results of recent researches have shown that the terms of 

 that nomenclature are incorrect, or where the terms themselves did not conform 

 with the principles of the terminology. 



It is scarcely necessary, to-day, to urge reasons for the use of the Basle 

 nomenclature, for it is now generally recognised, not only that it is based on 



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