

MEASUKEMENTS AND INDICES. 289 



The results are classified as follows : 



Kurtorachic, index below 98, displaying a forward convexity : includes Europeans 



generally, Chinese. 

 Orthorachic, index between 98 and 102, column practically straight : includes examples 



of Eskimo and Maori. 

 Koilorachic, index above 102, displaying a backward convexity : includes Australians 



Negroes, Bushmen, and Andainanese. 



Sacrum. Man's sacrum is characterised by its great breadth in proportion to its length 

 These relations are expressed as follows : 



Greatest breadth of base of sacrum x 100 



Length from middle ^f promontory to middle of anterior inferior border of = Sacra * m ^ex. 

 fifth sacral vertebrae 



The diverse forms are grouped as follows : 



Dolichohieric, index below 100, sacra longer than broad : includes Australians, Tasmanians 



Bushmen, Hottentots, Kaffirs, and Andamanese. 

 Platyhieric, index above 100, sacra broader than long : includes Europeans, Negroes 



Hindoos, North and South American Indians. 



Limb Bones. The proportionate length of the limb bones to each other and to the body 

 height is of practical interest. It is a matter of common knowledge that the forearms of Negroes 

 are proportionately longer than those of Europeans. Great differences, too, are met with in the. 

 absolute and proportionate length of the lower limbs, nor must the relation of these to body 

 height be overlooked. An enumeration of the more important of these indices, and the manner 

 of their computation, will suffice. The proportion of the length of the radius to the length of 

 the humerus is expressed as follows : 



Length of radius x 100 



. , f , = Kadio-humeral index. 



Length of humerus 



Sub-divided into three groups : 



Brachykerkic, index less than 75 : includes Europeans, Lapps, Eskimo. 

 Mesatikerkic, index between 75-80 : Chinese, Australians, Polynesians, Negroes. 

 Dolichokerkic, index above 80 : Andamanese, Negritoes and Fuegians, Bonindae in general. 



he proportion of the length of the tibia to the femur is computed by the formula 



of tibia from surface of condyle to articular surface for talus x 100 , 



Oblique length of femur ^bio-femoral index. 



sub-divided into two groups : 



Brachyknemic, index 82 and under : includes Europeans and Mongolians generally. 

 Dolichoknemic, index 83 and over : includes Australians, Negroes, Negritoes, American - 

 Indians. 



te proportion of the length of the upper limb to that of the lower limb is obtained thus : 



Lengths of humerus + radius x 100 



-f-f = Intermembral index. 



Lengths of femur + tibia 



A comparison between the relative lengths of the upper segments of the limbs is obtained by 

 the following formula : 



Plal 

 Tra 



Length of humerus x 100 



= Humero-femoral index. 

 Length of femur 



tymeria (see p. 281). The amount of compression of the femur is estimated as follows : 



ittal diameter of shaft immediately distal to lesser trochanter x 100 __. , . j n( i ex 

 ransverse diameter of shaft immediately distal to lesser trochanter 



Platyknemia (see p. 281) The degree of compression of the tibia is estimated by the 

 formula 



Transverse diameter of shaft at level of nutrient foramen x 100 __. j. v k ne mic i n dex 

 Antero-posterior diameter of shaft at level of nutrient foramen"" 



The index ranges from 60 in a Maori tibia to 80 to 108 in modern French tibiae. 



For further and more detailed information relating to the various measurements and indices 

 employed by the physical anthropologist, the reader is referred to Topinard's Elements d'Anthro- 

 pologie ; Sir W. Turner's Challenger Memoirs, Part 47, vol. xvi. ; and Duckworth's Morphology 

 and Anthropology. 



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