BACTERIA OF THE SURFACE OF THE BODY. 649 



ger nails Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus associated with various 

 other microorganisms. A similar result had previously been reported 

 by Bockhart. 



In his examinations of water from various sources Miquel found 

 that "wash-water" from the floating laundries on the Seine con- 

 tained more bacteria than water from any other source, even than 

 the water of the Paris sewers. His enumeration gave twenty-six 

 million germs per cubic centimetre. 



Hohein has enumerated the colonies developing from undercloth- 

 ing worn for various lengths of time and made of different kinds of 

 material. A piece of the goods to be tested was sewed fast to the 

 underclothing, so as to come in immediate contact with the body ; at 

 the end of a given time a fragment one-quarter of a centimetre square 

 was cut up as fine as possible and distributed in nutrient gelatin. 

 Plates were made and the colonies counted at the end of five or six 

 days. 



In an experiment in which sterilized woven goods were worn next 

 to the skin of the upper arm the following results were obtained : 

 Linen goods, at the end of one day 28, two days 4,180 colonies ; cot- 

 ton goods, end of one day 105, end of two days 1,870 ; woollen goods, 

 end of one day 606, end of two days 6,799. When the material had 

 been in contact with the skin for four days the colonies which devel- 

 oped were so numerous that they could not be counted. 



Maggiora isolated twenty-two species of bacteria from his cultures 

 inoculated with epidermis from the foot. None of these proved to 

 be pathogenic for mice, rabbits, or guinea-pigs. Several gave off a 

 strong odor of trimethylamin, similar to that of sweating feet. 



The following species have been found upon the surface of the 

 body : 



Non-pathogenic. Diplococcus albicans tardus (Unna and Tommasoli), 

 Diplococcus citreus liquefacieiis (Unna and Tommasoli), Diplococcus flavus 

 liquefaciens tardus (Unna and Tommasoli), Staphylococcus viridis flaves- 

 cens (Guttmann), Bacillus graveolens (Bordoni-Uffreduzzi), Bacillus epider- 

 midis (Bordoni), Ascobacillus citreus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus fluo- 

 rescens liquefaciens minutissimus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus aureus 

 (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus ovatus minutissimus (Unna and Tomma- 

 soli), Bacillus albicans pateriformis (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus spini- 

 ferus (Unna and Tommasoli), Bacillus of Scheurlen, Micrococcus tetragenus 

 versatilis (Sternberg), Bacillus Havaniensis liquefaciens (Sternberg). 



Pathogenic. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, Staphylococcus pyogenes 

 aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Diplococcus of Demme, Bacillus of L emme, 

 Bacillus of Schimmelbusch, Bacillus of Tommasoli, Bacillus saprogenes II. 

 (Rosenbach) , Bacillus parvus ovatus (Loftier). 



SURFACE OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES. 



Cultures made from the conjunctivas of healthy persons usually 

 show the presence of various micrococci, and sometimes of bacilli. 



