356 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 



injections of other proteins. These authors, Vaughan 12 and Wheeler, Nicolle, 13 

 and others, furthermore, showed that the reaction was by no means limited 

 to animal sera, but was elicited by proteins in general, pepton, egg albumin, 

 milk, the extract of peas, and bacterial extracts. 



These observations, together with those of many other workers 

 which we must omit for the sake of conciseness, were the funda- 

 mental ones. In the time immediately following this first work, 

 many theories of anaphylaxis were advanced and many faulty ideas 

 conceived, justifiable in the light of the knowledge available at that 

 time, but no longer tenable as more precise analyses followed. Such, 

 in our opinion, are the earlier ideas of Gay and Southard, 14 and that 

 of Besredka, 15 both of which depended chiefly upon the premise that 

 the substance which sensitized in the first injection was not the 

 same as that which incited the harmful effect at the second or subse- 

 quent injections. Into the same category at the present time belong 

 the earlier views of Wolf-Eisner, 16 and in a less definite way, the 

 theories of Vaughan and Wheeler. 17 The latter, however, have had 

 an important influence upon subsequent developments which will be 

 referred to below. Von Pirquet and Schick, 18 from the beginning, 

 maintained the analogy of the anaphylactic phenomena to other 

 immune reactions, and believed that the reaction was dependent 

 essentially upon an antigen-antibody union; and similar views were 

 held by Rosenau and Anderson, 19 from the beginning. In order to 

 make the subject clear, however, without unnecessarily lengthening 

 its discussion, we must abandon the historic method of treatment, 

 and define the various elements that enter into the reaction more 

 systematically. 



Wells 20 has, in our opinion, most concisely laid down the criteria 

 which must be met in the light of our present knowledge, in order 

 that a condition may be regarded as one of true anaphylaxis. They are, 



12 Vaughan, Assn. Am. Phys., May, 1907. 



13 Nicolle, Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur, 2, 1903. 



14 Gay and Southard, Jour. Med. Ees., May, 1907. 



15 Besredka and Steinhardt, Ann. de 1'Inst. Past., 1907. 



16 Wolf-Eisner, Berl. klin. Woch., 1904. 



17 Vaughan and Wheeler, Jour. Inf. Dis., 4, 1907. 



18 Von Pirquet and Schick, Die Serum Krankheit, Vienna, 1905. 



19 Rosenau and Anderson, Hyg. Lab. U. S. Pub. Health and Marine Hosp. Serv, 

 Bull., 29, 36, 1906 and 1907. 



?0 Wells, Physiological Reviews, 1, No. 1, January, 1921, 



