688 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 



ilar to the one described by Gartner, in which similar bacteria were isolated, 

 were those described by Van Ermengem, 6 occurring at Morseele in 1891, the one 

 described by Hoist, 7 the Rotterdam epidemic described by Poels and Dhont, 8 

 the one described by Basenau, and many others. 



Bacillus Morseele of Van Ermengem, Bacillus bovis morbificans of Basenau, 9 

 and bacilli isolated in similar epidemics by others, are, except for slight differ- 

 ences in minor characteristics, almost identical with Gartner's microorganism. 



In 1893, Theobald Smith and Moore 10 noted a great similarity between the 

 so-called hog-cholera bacillus, the bacilli of the Gartner group, and Bacillus 

 lyphi murium isolated by Loeffler. These observers first used the term " hog- 

 cholera" group for the organisms under discussion. 



In 1899 Reed and Carroll n noted that Bacillus icteroides, associated by 

 Sanarelli with yellow fever, was culturally similar to the bacillus of hog 

 cholera. 



Meanwhile, other observers had been isolating bacilli, similar to those 

 spoken of above, from cases of protracted fevers in human beings, often closely 

 simulating typhoid infections. The first cases of this kind on record were those 

 of Achard and Bensaude. 12 



In 1897, Widal and Nobecourt 13 described a bacillus which they had isolated 

 from an esophageal abscess following typhoid fever, which closely resembled 

 Bacillus psittacosis of Nocard, 14 and which, following a nomenclature previously 

 suggested by Gilbert, 15 they designated the paracolon bacillus. This micro- 

 organism, isolated from a parrot by Nocard, showed a close resemblance to 

 bacilli of the Gartner group. 



There are a large number of apparently nonpathogenic organisms sometimes 

 referred to as paratyphoid C, but better perhaps as "heterogeneous types," 

 which are culturally identical with the paratyphoid but do not agglutinate in 

 either paratyphoid A or B sera. An anti-serum produced with these types 

 usually reacts with the homologous strain only. Such organisms have been 

 studied by Krumwiede and many others, including ourselves. Strains recently 

 isolated at this laboratory came from casss of nephritis, German measles, 

 jaundice, and the stools of healthy soldiers, plated as a matter of routine. 



In 1898, Gwyn 16 reported a case at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, which pre- 



6 Van Ermengem, Bull, Acad. d. mcd. de Belgique, 1892; "Trav. de lab. de 

 Puniv. de Gand," 1892. 



7 Hoist, Ref. Cent. f. Bakt., xvii. 1805. 



8 Poels und Dhont, Holland Zeit. f. Tierheilkunde, xxiii, 1894. 



9 Basenau, Arch. f. Hyg., xx, 1894. 



10 Th. Smith and Moore, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Bull, vi, 1894. 



11 Reed and Carroll, Medical News, Ixxiv, 1899. 



12 Achard and Bensaude, Bull, de la soc. d. hopitaux de Paris, Nov., 1906. 



13 Widal et Nobecourt, Semaine mod., Aug., 1897. 



14 Nocard, Ref. Baumgartcn's Jahresb., 1896. 



15 Gilbert, Semaine mcd., 1895. 



16 Gwyn, Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull., 1898. 



