852 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 



and secondary syphilis, but failed to find them in eight tertiary 

 cases. Mulzer, 15 who found the microorganisms invariably in twenty 

 cases of clinical syphilis, failed to find them in fifty-six carefully 

 investigated non-syphilitic subjects. The voluminous confirmatory 

 literature which has accumulated upon the subject can not here he 

 reviewed. The presence of these spirochaetes in the blood at certain 

 stages of the disease has been demonstrated by Bandi and Simonelli 16 

 who found them in the blood taken from the roseola spots, and by 

 Lcvaditi and Petresco 17 who found them in the fluid of blisters 

 produced upon the skin. 



In tertiary lesions the spirochaetes have been found less regularly 

 than in the primary and secondary lesions, but positive evidence 

 of their presence has been brought by Tomasczewski/ 8 Ewing, 19 

 and others who succeeded in demonstrating them in gummata. 



FIG. 92. SPIROCH^JTA PALLIDA, Liver, congenital syphilis. (Levaditi method.) 



Noguehi and Moore 20 have recently found the Spirochaeta pallida 

 in the brain of patients dead of general paresis. 



In congenital syphilis, many observers have found Spirochaeta 

 pallida in the lungs, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, and, in 

 isolated cases, in the heart muscle. The organisms were always 

 present in large numbers and practically in pure culture. These 

 results more than any others seem to furnish positive proof of the 

 etiological relationship between the spirochaete and the disease. 



Demonstration of Treponema pallidum. In the living state the 

 spirochaetes have been observed in the hanging drop or under a 

 coverslip rimmed with vaseline. It is extremely important, in pre- 



15 Mulzer, Berl. klin. Woch., 1905, and Archiv f . Dermat. u. Syph., 79, 1906. 



16 Bandi und Simonelli, Cent. f. Bakt., 40, 1905. 



17 Levaditi et Petresco, Presse med., 1905. 



18 Tomasczewski, Munch, med. Woch., 1906. 



18 Ewing, Proc. N. Y. Path. Soe., N. S., 5, 1905. 

 20 Noguehi and Moore, Jour. Exp. Med., xvii, 1913. 



