TYPHUS FEVER, TRENCH FEVER, ETC. 943 



and when in 1910 he studied typhus in Mexico, he found similar 

 short bacillus-like forms in the blood of typhus fever cases. They 

 were extremely small and stained well only with Giemsa. In 1910, 

 also, Gavin and Girard 20 saw similar bodies in the blood of typhus 

 cases in Mexico. Prowazek 21 working in Serbia in 1910, also studied 

 the blood of typhus fever cases and saw, within leucocytes, many 

 small rod shaped bodies, not unlike those described by Ricketts and 

 Wilder and by Gavin and Girard. In 1914 Sergent, Foley and 

 Vialatte 22 observed similar bodies in lice taken from typhus infected 

 people, and this was confirmed by Nicolle, Blanc and Conseil. 28 



A considerable number of similar observations were made 

 by other workers and a very thorough study was published in 1916 

 by da Rocha-Lima. 24 Da Rocha-Lima found these small bodies in 

 the contents of the alimentary canals of lice which had fed on 

 typhus fever patients. At first he did not find similar bodies in 

 lice fed on normal people, and he definitely concluded that these 

 "organisms" were etiologically related to the disease and thought 

 that they were probably protozoa. It was he who suggested that 

 they be known as " Rickettsia-prowazeki" in honor of the two men 

 who had died in the study of the disease. Since that time numerous 

 investigations have been published by da Rocha-Lima, Toepfer 25 

 and others. Among the most important investigations that have 

 followed are those of Brumpt. 26 Brumpt obtained evidence that 

 Rickettsia-like bodies could be found in lice taken from healthy 

 individuals and that these organisms could remain in lice throughout 

 the entire life of the louse, while the typhus virus did not seem 

 to be active in the lice for longer than about eight or nine days. 

 Arkwright, Bacot and Duncan 27 using lice bred from a clean stock 

 and working with trench fever, showed that Rickettsia-like bodies 

 could be found in the lice after feeding on trench fever patients. 

 Strong has tabulated on pages 77 to 80 of the Red Cross Report 

 referred to above, all the various observations that have been made 

 upon Rickettsia-like bodies in lice in connection with various dis- 



30 Gavin and Girard, Bull, do 1'Inst. Past., 8, 1910, 841. 



21 Prowazek. 



22 Sergent, Foley and 1'ialalte, Compt, rend, de la Soc. Biol., 77, 1914, 101. 

 "Nicolle, Blanc and Conceit, Compt. rend, de la Acad. de Sciences, 159, 1914. 

 24 da Rocha-Lima, Berl. klin. Woch., 2.1, 1916, and Munch, ined. Woch., 39, 1916. 

 26 Toepfer, Berl. klin. Woch., 515, 1910, 323, and Med. Klinik, 1.3, 1917, 678. 



26 Brumpt, quoted from Strong, loc. cit. 



"Arkwright, Bacot and Duncan, Proe. Roy. Soc. Med., 13, 1919, 23. 



