78 A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



DISTRIBUTION. England and Wales. Summer-resident (late March 

 and April to Sept. and Oct.), occasionally staying throughout winter. 

 Nests regularly in hilly districts of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset, 

 Wales and Welsh border, in Pennine backbone and spurs from north 

 Staffs., Derby., and east Cheshire northwards to Cheviots, and on 

 moors of north-east Yorks. A few breed Isle of Man. Said to have 

 nested exceptionally in Hants., Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Warwick, 

 and other counties. Has visited most counties on migration. 

 Scotland. On mainland generally distributed in summer (occasion- 

 ally staying winter) ; breeds in higher districts and in some localities 

 down to sea-level, but most common from 1,000 to 1,600 feet, and 

 seldom nests above 2,000 feet. Rarely breeds Orkneys, but occurs 

 spring and autumn, as in Shetlands, where does not breed. Nests 

 in most I. Hebrides, but only sporadically Skye, and not Tiree ; 

 in 0. Hebrides a very rare visitor. Ireland. Thinly distributed 

 summer-resident in wilder mountain-districts of each province, and 

 occasionally near sea-level. Occasionally remains winter. 



MIGRATIONS. British Isles. British breeding-birds probably reach 

 summer-quarters by a westerly route, arriving in extreme south- 

 west England. Passage-migrants occur in small numbers from mid- 

 April to mid-May east of line from Isle of Wight to Wash. Occurs 

 in most counties on autumn-passage, but the route down east coast 

 is very well marked, and probably includes both British-bred birds 

 and passage-migrants. Also indications of a west coast route in 

 autumn. 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Scandinavia, migrating through Europe 

 and wintering in Mediterranean countries. Replaced by allied 

 forms in mountain-systems of central and south Europe, and in 

 Caucasus, east to north Persia and Transcaspia. 



163. Turdus torquatus alpestris (Brehm) THE ALPINE 

 RING-OUZEL. 



MERULA ALPESTRIS Brehm, Isis 1828, p. 1,281 (nomen nudum !) ; id., 

 Handb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl., p. 377 (1831 Tirol). 



DISTRIBUTION. England. One or more. Male, Guestling (Sussex), 

 May 23, 1911 (M. J. Nicoll, Brit. B., v, p. 72). One said to have been 

 of this form obtained in Yorks. early in 1893, and another in Norfolk 

 Sept. 18, 1894 (ZooL, 1895, pp. 56, 99). 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Breeds in mountains of central and south 

 Europe, from Pyrenees to Alps, higher mountain-ranges of south 

 Germany, east to Balkans and Carpathians. On passage obtained 

 in Asia Minor, where it possibly breeds. 



