A HAND-LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS. 203 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Jan May en, Greenland, north to Victoria 

 Land and Boothia Peninsula ; possibly Novaya Zemlia ; in winter 

 south to Baltic (casually), Scandinavia, British Islands down to Gulf 

 of Gascony (rarely), Iceland, and Faeroes; in America to Great 

 Lakes (casually) and Long Island, accidentally in Nebraska and 

 Maryland. 



RISSA TRIDACTYLA 



437. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (L.) THE KITTIWAKE 

 GULL. 



LARUS TRIDACTYLUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 136 (1758 N. 



Europe. Restricted typical locality : Great Britain). 



Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 650 ; Saunders, p. 683. 



DISTRIBUTION. British Isles. Resident and winter-visitor. Breeds 

 abundantly precipitous coasts and islands, Ireland, and north and 

 west Scotland (especially Orkneys, Shetlands, and Hebrides), also 

 Isle of Man, Wales, Lundy Island [in Scilly Isles apparently not since 

 1900], not south coast England, and only in a few places on east side 

 Great Britain, viz. Flamborough Head (Yorks.), Fame Isles (Nor- 

 thumberland), St. Abb's Head (Berwick), Fowlsheugh (Kincardine), 

 Dunbury (Aberdeen), and borders Aberdeen and Banff. In winter 

 widely distributed on all coasts Great Britain, numbers being in- 

 creased by immigrants, but in Ireland apparently scarcer in winter. 

 Rare inland. 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Breeds from west arctic Asia, Spitsbergen, 

 and arctic Europe to north-west France, and from Wellington 

 Channel and north Greenland to Gulf of St. Lawrence, and winters 

 from latter south to New Jersey, and casually to Virginia, Bermudas, 

 and Great Lakes, and in Europe south to Mediterranean, the Atlantic 

 islands from Madeira to Azores, Senegal, and Caspian Sea. Replaced 

 by Rissa tridactyla pollicaris on coasts of north Pacific, Bering Sea 

 and adjacent ocean, south to Commander and Aleutian Islands. 



PAGOPHILA EBURNEA 



438. Pagophila eburnea (Phipps) THE IVORY-GULL. 



? LARUS ALBUS Gunnerus, Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp., p. 285 (1767 



N. Norway). 



Larus eburneus Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App., p. 187 (1774 Arctic Sea). 



Pagophila eburnea (Phipps), Yarrell, in, p. 656 ; Saunders, p. 685. 



DISTRIBUTION. British Isles. Rare vagrant. About forty-five. 

 Most frequent Shetlands and Orkneys, but has occurred many 

 counties Great Britain (Yorks., seven), and three in Ireland. From 

 autumn to spring and as late as June. 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Breeds in high arctic latitudes around 



