EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. 



INSECTS WITH BITING JAWS. 



Fig. 1. Larva of a beetle, usually consisting of thirteen segments ; a, the 

 head; b, the three segments of the thorax, to which the legs and winga 

 are attached ; c, the nine segments of the abdomen. 



Fig. 2. The Lady-bird or Lady-bug, Coccinella septempunctata ; a, pupa 

 with the outer case, b, larva ; c, pupa ; d, complete insecE 



Fig. 3. Wasp-fly, Stylops. 



Fig. 4. Earwig, Forficula ; a, the large posterior wings ; b, anal forceps ; 

 c, the antennae with fourteen joints. 



Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, belong to the four sections of the Order Orthoptera. 



Fig. 5. Cockroach, Blatta orientalis. 



Fig. 6. Walking-leaf Insect, Phy Ilium slccifolium ; a, foliaceous expansions 

 upon the feet ; b, the true wings, far exceeding in size the wing covers. 



Fig. 7. Praying Mantis, Mantis religiosa, named from the attitude they as- 

 sume while waiting to grasp their prey with their raptorial feet, a. 



Fig. 8. Walking-stick, Walking-beetle or Spectre, Spectrum femoratum, 

 without wings or wing covers, can scarcely be distinguished from the 

 branch on which they rest. 



Fig. 9. Katydid, Platyphyllum concavum; a, the curved ovipositor, about 

 one-fourth of an inch long. 



Fig. 10. Caddis-fly, Phryganea; a, front wings, fibrous with branching 

 nerves ; the hind wings are largest, but folded when at rest. 



Fig. 11. Dragon-fly or Darning-needle, Libellula; the compound eyes, 

 nearly cover the entire head, and contain about 12,000 lenses. 



Fig. 12. Hornet, Vespa crabro ; a, antennae; b, head; c, thorax; d, abdo- 

 men; 1, the coxa or hip joined to the body; 2, trochanter, or second 

 joint of the leg; 3, femur or thigh; 4, tibia or shank; 5, tarsus, com- 

 posed of five or less joints, and terminated by two hooked claws. 



WITH MOUTHS FOR SUCKING, PUMPING, OR PIERCING. 



Fig. 13. Cabbage Butterfly, Pontia brassica ; a, the knob at the end of the 

 antennae, distinguishing butterflies from moths or millers, whose anten- 

 nae are feathery or saw-like ; b, anterior wings ; c, posterior wings. 



Fig. 14. Cochineal Insect, Coccus cacti ; a, the male, with red body, white 

 wings and two setae or bristles c, at the apex of the abdomen ; b, the 

 female, without wings, having shorter antennas, and a beak of which the 

 male is destitute. 



Fig. 15. Blow or Blue-bottle Fly, Musca vomitoria; a, the only pair of 

 wings, which are transparent and without scales or dust. There are 

 no wing covers, as the lower wings are reduced to two small knobbed 

 threads, called hajterers or poisers. 



Fig. 16a. Flea, Pulex irritans; b, Jigger or Chigoe, P. penetrans, feet 

 long, bristly, and adapted for leaping. 



Fig. 17a. Louse, Pediculns ; b, Lepisma. 



Fig. 18a. Thousand-legged Worm or Millipede, lulus terrestris, has usually 

 two pair of feet to each segment, each foot ending in a claw. The 

 feet in different sp. vary from 12 to 300 pair, b, Brush-tailed Centi- 

 pede. 



Fig. 19a. Scorpion, Scorpio afer; the extended tail-like abdomen ending 

 with the sting ; b, Spider, Arachnida ; no distinct head, eyes from 

 two to eight, neither wings, antennae, or upper lip ; c, Tick Ixodes. 



