242 ON ACADEMIC FREEDOM IN GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. 



that of Paris, the most celebrated of all at the bead 

 allowed no divergence from that which they re- 

 garded as the teaching of Hippocrates. Anyone who 

 used the medicines of the Arabians or who believed 

 in the circulation of the blood was expelled. 



The change, in the Universities, to their present 

 constitution, was caused mainly by the fact that the 

 State granted to them material help, but required, on 

 the other hand, the right of co-operating in their 

 management. The course of this development was 

 different in different European countries, partly owing 

 to divergent political conditions and partly to that of 

 national character. 



Until lately, it might have been said that the 

 least change has taken place in the old English Uni- 

 versities, Oxford and Cambridge. Their great endow- 

 ments, the political feeling of the English for the reten- 

 tion of existing rights, had excluded almost all change, 

 even in directions in which such change was urgently 

 required. Until of late both Universities had in great 

 measure retained their character as schools for the 

 clergy, formerly of the Eoman and now of the Anglican 

 Church, whose instruction laymen might also share in 

 so far as it could serve the general education of the 

 mind ; they were subjected to such a control and mode 

 of life, as was formerly considered to be good for young 

 priests. They lived, as they still live, in colleges, under 



