104 FARM WEKD8 OP CANADA 



which includes Rosa acicularis, var. Bourgeauiana Cre"pin). In 

 southern Manitoba this dwarf, largo-flowered rose is very per- 

 sistent. Its deep, perennial rootstocks send up many flowering 

 shoots from the axils of the scales. 



The seeds (Plate 74, fig. 46) vary greatly in size and shape, 

 averaging about 1/6 of an inch long, generally irregular, angular, 

 with hard, yellowish shells. They are often found in the screen- 

 ings of western grain. 



To destroy roses, the land should be plowed with a sharp 

 plow in hot weather and then twice disced at intervals of a week 

 or ten days. T. N. Willing recommends deep spring plowing 

 rather than stubble cropping for land infested with Wild Rose 

 and similar shrubs. 



HARDBACK (Spiraea tommtosa L.). 

 Other English name: Steeple Bush. 



Native. Perennial. A pretty, dwarf shrub, 2 to 3 feet, 

 with short-stalked, ovate, thick, toothed leaves, smooth above 

 but downy beneath. The flowers are pink, rarely white, borne 

 on erect branches in dense, steeple-like terminal panicles. 



The seeds are enclosed, several together, in a downy, papery 

 pocket, whitish at the base, pink to brown from the middle to 

 the tipped apex. They are linear, about 1/16 of an inch long, 

 white to brownish, with a thin, loose coat. 



Time of flowering: July to September; seed ripe September. 

 Propagation: By seeds. 



Occurrence: Especially in low rich soils in open woods, 

 rocky places and about lakes, from Nova Scotia to Georgian Bay; 

 abundant in Quebec. 



Injury : This native Hardhack does not long give trouble on 

 land brought under cultivation and crop rotation with frequent 



