THE SUNFLOWER FAMILY 167 



3 to 5-angled, sometimes much curved: the surface grooved 

 and ridged from top to bottom and roughened crosswise with 

 minute, close, raised and waved lines; at the top, surrounding 

 the apical scar, is a fringe of short, flat, white bristles. 



Time of flowering: July to frost; seeds ripe early in 

 August. 



Propagation : By seeds, and shoots which develop from the 

 crown of the roots. 



Occurrence: Through eastern Canada, most abundant in 

 Quebec. A common roadside weed and occasionally found in 

 cultivated fields. 



Injury: A troublesome weed in rich, low land and in pastures. 

 Seeds often found among crop seeds, particularly in clovers and 

 grasses. 



Remedy: Sow clean seed. A short rotation of crops will 

 soon suppress it. Chicory is not often seen in good farming 

 districts except as a wayside weed. Individual plants may be 

 destroyed by close cutting and applying salt to the root in hot, 

 dry weather. 



Many report how the Doves make use of vervain, Swallows of Celandine, Linnets 

 of Eye-bright, and Hawks of Hawkweed, for the recovery of their own, and their young 

 one's sight. 



William Cole, Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradise, 1657. 



I have not only set the names of Plants and their Vertues but their proprieties also, 

 their Affects and Effects, their Increase and Decrease, their Flourishing and Fading; 

 their Distinct Varieties and several Qualities, so that I may resolve the Reader this 

 much, that though no Art be able to expresse Nature in her Ukenesse, yet if any Author 

 can with his Pen counterfeit Similitude for Life, shape and shaddowes for substance, 

 he doth to the utmost of his power expresse his Duty. 



William Cole, Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradise, 1657. 



