PLANTS. 69 



leaf stalks in autumn which will give rise to new 

 leaves the next year. These buds are stored with 

 food. The food is built into them during the sum- 

 mer, and an additional supply is drawn from the 

 old leaves just before they fall off for the winter. 

 Some food, also, for the starting of new leaves is, 

 no doubt, stored at other places in the plant body, 

 either in the cells or among them; and, no doubt, a 

 large quantity in the roots; for, when sap begins to 

 flow in spring, it contains rich food. The sugar 

 maple, and hickory are good examples of trees in 

 which much sugar is present in the first flow of 

 sap. In the hickory, there is such a large propor- 

 tion of sugar that it exudes as a thick syrup, \vith 

 the sweetness and consistency of honey. This food 

 goes to start new leaves before they are able to 

 work for themselves; but as soon as the store of 

 food is used up, and they have unfolded to the air 

 and light, mineral substances rise with the sap and 

 the building process begins. 



Plants that die down to the ground annually, and 

 renew their growth from bulbs, tubers, and under- 

 ground stems, store up food in these to be kept 

 over winter, or during a dry season; and from these 

 the new plants draw supplies until they are large 

 enough to have sufficient leaf and root surface 

 started to take care of themselves without any 

 help. Examples of these are bulbs of lilies and 

 onions, "tubers of potatoes and artichokes, and 

 underground stems of Solomon's seal and black- 



