64 THE THEORIES OF EVOLUTION 



reached the same conclusion from their own observa- 

 tions. As early as 1871, one of the first Darwinians, 

 G. Seidlitz, pointed out the difference between the 

 intraspeciflc struggle and the struggle against nat- 

 ural obstacles or common foes. 



Certain naturalists go so far as to state that they 

 ^ never knew of any competition between adult ani- 

 mals. V. L. Kellogg, who has given much atten- 

 tion to the life of insects and observed their variations, 

 writes as follows : 



"I find just as much variation represented in series 

 of mature individuals collected miscellaneously after 

 having lived for more or less time a free life exposed 

 to all the dangers of this life, exposed, that is, to the 

 rigour of the individual struggle for existence, as 

 • among series of similar extent of individuals of the 

 same species collected just at the time of reaching 

 maturity but before enjoying any opportunity to be 

 weeded out by the rigour of the life-struggle." 



From which he concludes that no rigorous natural 

 selection, such as the selection theory presupposes, has 

 exerted its influence in this case. 



Another objection has been raised against the se- 

 lection theory. Darwin says very justly that "the 

 ^ more diversified in structure animals become, the 

 more places they will be enabled to occupy," but the 



6 Die Darwinische Theorie, 1871. 



7 V. L. Kellogg, Darwinism To-day, p. 83. 



