REPRESENTATIVE LAMARCKIANS 253 



throughout geologic time. To the two types of in- 

 fluence which thus express themselves in evolution, I 

 have given the names Physiogenesis and Kineto- 

 genesis. . . . 



"It has been observed that both in natural condi- 

 tions and in confinement, shells of fresh-water Mol- 

 lusca grow to a larger size in larger bodies of water, 

 and become reduced in size as the bulk of water in 

 which they live is reduced." . . . "Taking Arte- 

 mia salina, which lives in brine of moderate strength, 

 Vladimir Schmankewitsch gradually diluted the 

 water, and obtained as a result a form which is known 

 as Branchinecta scliaefferii." . . . "The yellow 

 colour of canaries can be altered to an orange red by 

 mixing cayenne pepper with their food." . . . 

 "By exposing the pupse of butterflies to low temper- 

 atures material changes in the colouration of the ma- 

 ture insects can be produced." . . . 



Cope designates the foregoing phenomena as cases 

 of physiogenesis. 



"In the vegetable kingdom it is quite evident that 

 evolution is more usually physiogenetic than kineto- 

 genetic. In the animal kingdom we may reasonably 

 suppose that kinetogenesis is more potent as an effi- 

 cient cause of evolution than physiogenesis." 5 



The second category of modifications is by far the 

 most important in animal life; some are due to the 



s The Primary Factors of Evolution, pp. 225-230. 



