260 THE THEORIES OF EVOLUTION 



ball-and-socket structure. This is probably due to the 

 constant flexures to which that part of the column has 

 been subjected, as compared with the fixity of the 

 dorsal region." 7 



We need not cite any more of the cases which Cope 

 presents as evidence in support of his theoretical views. 

 His chapter on kinetogenesis is one of the most suc- 

 cessful efforts made to account for the various struc- 

 tures in the light of the Lamarckian principles. 

 From that point of view Cope's work is very original ; 

 it shows how a comparative physiological anatomy 

 could be based upon organic functions, a comparative 

 dynamic anatomy as it were. 



The idea of energy is the leading thought of Cope's 

 system which on the whole is rather complex and intri- 

 cate. In ontogenesis, it is a mode of movement of the 

 protoplasmic molecules, growth-energy, which deter- 

 mines all differentiation ; this energy which Cope des- 

 ignates as bathmism (from bathmos, degree) results, 

 when it becomes diversely localised, in plications, in- 

 vaginations, etc. "The most rational conception of 

 the hereditarv transmission of innate as well as of ac- 

 quired characters (for the former were once acquired 

 characters), is, he writes, the transmission of a mode 

 of motion from the soma to the germ cells." This 

 energy combines itself with inherited energy and pro- 

 duces the energy of evolution, growth energy, bath- 



f The Primary Factors of Evolution, pp. 368-373. 



