CONCLUSION 343 



institution of private property and against the oppres- 

 sion of the masses by the minority. 



Darwin considered the question from a different 

 point of view. If man is an animal species descended 

 from other species, his psychical life must have devel- 

 oped as gradually as his physical constitution and we 

 should find in the animal kingdom rudiments of our 

 ethical and social instincts. And the facts prove that 

 such is the case, that there is no fundamental differ- 

 ence between man and the higher animals from the 

 point of view of intellect, sentiments, emotions, 

 social instincts and moral sense, the last two being 

 identical. "The social instincts lead an animal to take 

 pleasure in the society of its fellows, to feel a certain 

 amount of sympathy with them, and to perform 

 various services for them." 



These instincts and the life in common which de- 

 velops them are beneficial to the species : ''With those 

 animals which were benefited by living in close asso- 

 ciation, the individuals which took the greatest pleas- 

 ure in society would best escape various dangers; while 

 those that cared least for their comrades, and lived 

 solitary, would perish in greater numbers." 



Darwin quotes from Brehm and other naturalists 

 many facts showing the extent to which mutual aid 

 exists among animals. Some of them post sentinels 

 to warn the herd of possible danger ; in herds of mam- 

 mals the strongest individuals, the males, place them- 



