152 Thomas Henry Huxley 



declared his intention of going out to tropical Africa and 

 establishing himself in a strong cage in the forests in- 

 habited by gorillas and chimpanzees, in the hope that, 

 impelled by curiosity, they would look upon him as we 

 look on monkeys in a zoological garden, and that he 

 would thus be able to make his knowledge and records 

 of monkey language more perfect. As a matter of fact 

 he went to Africa, and on his return published a vol- 

 ume which aroused the indignation of naturalists. 

 There was internal evidence that he had gone no 

 further than the garden of a coast station, and his pre- 

 tended account of the habits of monkeys as they lived 

 in their native haunts contained nothing that was not 

 already known. There is no doubt but that the anthro- 

 poid apes, like many other animals, use modulations of 

 their voice to express emotional states ; that, in fact, 

 they have love-cries and cries of warning, of alarm, and 

 of pleasure ; but there is not the smallest evidence to 

 suppose that in the case of the anthropoids these cries 

 approach more nearly to speech than the cries of any 

 other of the higher mammals. 



Since Huxley's volume was published, a large amount 

 of information has been published by Darwin, Romanes, 

 and others upon the mental capacities of anthropoids 

 kept in confinement, and the result of this has been to 

 prove that the anthropoids, in especial the chimpanzees, 

 possess mental powers more akin to those of man than 

 are to be found in the most intelligent of the quadru- 

 peds. We may cite some instances of these higher 

 powers. Vosmaern had a tame female orang-outang 

 that was able to untie the most intricate knot with 

 fingers or teeth, and took such pleasure in doing it that 

 she regularly untied the shoes of those who came near 

 her. The female chimpanzee called Sally, that lived 



