CHAPTER X 

 I 



SCIENCE AS A BRANCH OP EDUCATION 



Science-Teaching Fifty Years Ago — Huxley's Insistence on 

 Reform — Science Primers — Physiography — Elementary 

 Physiology — The Crayfish — Manuals of Anatomy — Mod- 

 ern Microscopical Methods — -Practical Work in Biological 

 Teaching — Invention of the Type System — Science in 

 Medical Education — Science and Culture. 



LESS than half a century ago, there was practically 

 no generally diffused knowledge of even the 

 elements of science and practically no provision for 

 teaching it. Medical students, in the course of their 

 professional education, received some small instruction 

 in botany, chemistry, and physiology ; in the greater 

 universities of England and the Continent there were 

 not in all a dozen professorships of science apart from 

 special branches of medicine ; in the Scottish univers- 

 ities there were one or two dreamy chairs of ' ' Natural 

 and Civil History," the occupiers of which were sup- 

 posed to dispense instruction in half a dozen sciences. 

 There was no scientific teaching at the public schools ; 

 there were practicall}' no books available for begin- 

 ners in science, and even the idea of guides to labora- 

 tory work had not been invented. Huxley, addressing 

 in 1854 a particularly select audience in St. Martin's 

 Hall, London, spoke to them of the 



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