CHAPTER XIII 



THE OPPONENT OF MATERIAIyISM 



Science and Metaphysics — Berkeley, Hume, and Hobbes — Ex- 

 istence of Matter and Mind — Descartes's Contribution — 

 Materialism and Idealism — Criticism of Materialism — 

 Berkeley's Idealism — Criticism of Idealism — Empirical 

 Idealism — Materialism as opposed to Supernaturalism — 

 Mind and Brain — Origin of Life — Teleology, Chance, and 

 the Argument from Design. 



THE prosecution of independent thinking in any 

 branch of knowledge leads to the ultimate 

 problems of philosophy. The mathematician cannot 

 ponder over the meaning of his figures, the chemist 

 that of his reactions, the biologist that of his tissues 

 and cells, the psychologist that of sensations and con- 

 ceptions, without being tempted from the comparatively 

 secure ground of observations and the arrangement of 

 observations into the perilous regions of metaphysics. 

 Most scientific men return quickly, repelled and per- 

 haps a little scared bj^ the baffling confusion of that 

 windy region of thought where no rules of logic seem 

 incontrovertible, no conclusions tenable, and no dis- 

 cussions profitable. Huxley, however, not only en- 

 tered into metaphysical questions with enthusiasm, 

 but gave a great deal of time to the study of some of 

 the great metaphysical writers. His views are to be 



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