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left them in a melancholy condition. Then the epidemic was, 

 possibly, soon followed by the appearance of the Indian, so entirely 

 different from the Shinumo. His home was wherever night over- 

 took him, with nothing more than a cedar bough for a canopy. A 

 squirrel, a rabbit, a few seeds or roots — anything that would sup- 

 port life was sufficient for his repast. The little clothing he needed 

 was easily obtained by fastening together a few skins. He was 

 ferocious, treacherous, cunning. Lying, cheating, stealing, mur- 

 dering, Avere his pastimes. Then, it is no wonder that the Shinumo, 

 in his emaciated condition, was compelled to retreat before the im- 

 petuous attack of such a foe. He was no warrior — no hunter. He 

 had depended almost entirely on his knowledge of agriculture for 

 his peaceful existence. It was impossible for him to act on the 

 defensive, and at the same time successfully till the soil. The 

 Indian was constantly on the alert to surprise him. There was no 

 alternative. He must fall back and yield more territory to the ex- 

 acting intruder. Vanquished and discouraged he fortified himself 

 in places extremely difficult of access ; built cliff houses ; lived in 

 caves, and, finally, became extinct. The divisions on the south 

 side of tlie Colorado fared somewhat better, for the stupendous 

 chasms of the river form a barrier that can only be crossed with 

 success at several widely separated points. Consequently when the 

 Indian reached this obstacle, his easy progress southward was in- 

 terrupted. The crossing points, too, which of course were well 

 known to the Shinumos, had been strongly fortified by their sol- 

 diery, and thus a double check was presented to the invasion. The 

 people then enjoyed comparative peace, till, in the course of their 

 nomadic wanderings, the Indians discovered that there was an end 

 to the canon barrier, and were once more able to cope with their 

 antagonists under favorable auspices. The Shinumos were again 

 slowly driven back, and at the dawn of our knowlodge of the 

 region we find surviving only a mere handful of their kindred, in 

 the Pueblo tribes, who were still defending their fortress homes, as 

 they had been for centuries. And, determined to maintain their 

 independence till the last, they yield nothing without a severe 

 struggle. 



The surrounding wild tribes — the Navajos, Apaches, etc. — are 

 now compelled by the United States government to remain on 



