2lg FOSSIL PLANTS. 



Carpolithes amygdalceformis. 

 Bronu, Index Palteont. p. 238. 

 Goppert and Berger, De Fruct. et Semimbus, p. lo, pi. i. tig. 12. 



Rhabdocarpus amygdalceformis. 



Feistmantel, Jahrb. d. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. vol. xxii. p. 292. 



Fiedler, Die Foss. Friichte, p. 272. 



Fontaine and White, Perm, or Upper Garb. Flora, p. 18. 



Geinitz, Vers. d. Steinkf. in Sachsen, p. 43, pi. xxii. figs. 10, 11. 



Goppert and Berger, De Fruct. et Seminibus, p. 21, pi. i. fig. 12. 



Lesquereux, Geol. of Pennsyl. vol. ii. p. 877. 



Coal Flora of Pennsyl. p. 581, pi. Ixxxv. figs. 27 and 28 (?). 



Schimper, Traite d. Pal6ont. V6get. vol. ii. p. 217. 



linger, Genera et Species, p. 306. 

 ? Triqonocarpus Menzelianus. 



Lesquereux, Coal Flora of Pennsyl. p. 590, pi. Ixxxv. fig. 11. 



Carpolithes alatus. 



Bronn, Index Palseont. p. 238. 



Goppert and Berger, De Fruct. et Seminibus, p. 15. 



Lindley and Button, Foss. Flora, vol. ii. pi. Ixxxvii., vol. iii. pi. ccx. b. 



Schimper, Traite d. Paleont. Veget. vol. ii. p. 226. 



Unger, Synop. Plant. Foss. p. 255. 



Genera et Species, p. 516. 

 ? Trigonocarpum rostellatum. 



Lesquereux, Eeport, Geol. Survey of Illinois, voL ii. p. 460, pi. xlvi. fig. 6. 



Triqonocarpon. 

 Hooker and Binney, Phil. Trans, cxlv. p. 149, pi. iv. 1855. 



/ Rhabdocarpus Bockschianus, ante p. 214. 



Phytolithus. 



Martin, Petrificata Derbiensia, pi. xxi. figs. 1-3. 



Rhabdocarpos. 



Parkinson, Organic Remains, vol. i. pi. vii. figs. 6-8. 

 Geinitz, Vers. d. Steinkf. in Sachsen, pi. xxii. fig. 16 a, 6. 



Remarks. This fruit occurs under three different states of preservation, 

 each of which has been placed in a distinct genus. The earliest figured form 

 is Trigonocarpus Parkinsoni, where the little nuts are isolated and still retain 

 their original shape. Specimens so preserved occur at times very plentifully 

 at Ardeer Sandstone Quarry, near Stevenston, Ayrshire, and at Peel Quarry, 

 Bolton, Lancashire. 



When the stone is split, specimens so preserved frequently fall out of the 

 matrix, leaving a cavity which is usually lined with a layer of coal the remains 

 of the pericarp. When they remain attached to the sandstone, they are 

 commonly surrounded by a border of a similar coaly matter. The upper 

 extremity of the surrounding coaly matter is frequently produced into a neck, 

 which has a depressed furrow, similar to what is seen in Goppert and 

 Berger's figure of Rhabdocarpus Bockschianus (loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 13), which in 

 their plate is represented with the apex directed downwards.* When these 

 nuts are preserved in the ordinary grey shales which are associated with the 

 coal seams, they are generally more or less compressed, and the remains of 

 the pericarp is seldom preserved, but when present forms a narrow sur- 

 rounding border, which, like the fruit itself, is often finely striated longi- 

 tudinally. In this condition, Trigonocarpus Parkinsoni is the Rhabdocarpus 

 amygdalceformis of Goppert and Berger (loc. cit. pi. i. fig. 12). The complete 

 fruit has been figured by Lindley and Hutton in their Fossil Flora (vol. ii. 

 pi. Ixxxvii.) as Carpolithes alatus. Here the pericarp is seen enclosing the 



* See ante p. 214. 



