

CONTENTS 

 VOL. II., PART III. ECOLOGY 



CHAPTER PAGE 



Introduction . . 485 



I. Roots and rhizoids 491 



1. Soil roots and root hairs . . . 491 



2. Water and air roots; rhizoids ........ 509 



Water roots ........... 509 



Absorptive air roots . . . 511 



Anchoring air roots 513 



Prop roots . . . . . . . . . . .514 



Rhizoids 516 



II. Leaves . . . . . . 521 



1. Chlorophyll and food manufacture ....... 521 



Chloroplasts and chlorophyll . . . . . . . 521 



Synthesis of carbohydrates . . 525 



Starch formation 528 



Synthesis of proteins ......... 528 



Anthocyan . . . . 528 



2. Structure and arrangement of chlorenchyma . . . . . 530 



3. Relation of leaves to light ' . . . 539* 



4. Air chambers and stomata . . . . . . . 551 



5. Protection from excessive transpiration 565. 



Significance of transpiration 565 



Protective relations of stomata 566 



Epidermis . . 567 



Reduction of surface 577 



Leaf orientation .......... 57^ 



Motile leaves ... . . . . . '.'... . 579 



Epinasty and hyponasty . . 582 



Leaf fall 582 



Cell sap and protoplasm 587 



Snow and dead leaves . . . 588 



6. Variations in form . , 589 



Thalloid plants . . . . - . . . . -591 



Amphibious plants . . 593 



Land plants ... . . . . . . . . - 59 8 



Asymmetry and anisophylly 607 



7. Absorption . . . . ^r . . . . . 608 



Water plants . . . . * 609 



Land plants . . , . . . . 610 



Epiphytes ,j. . 614 



Carnivorous plants ,616 



vii 



