570 ECOLOGY 



The stiffness of most evergreen leaves is due to the cuticle, which thus 

 is of mechanical value, giving protection from winds and storms and 

 also from fungi, insects, and grazing animals (fig. 809). Doubtless the 

 thick epidermis of such leaves as those of Nerium and Ficus is of 

 mechanical value in addition to its importance in checking evaporation; 



in the bromelias there is a thin outer layer 

 of cutinized epidermal cells that checks 



.^^^^^ ^"^ transpiration and a thick but non-cutinized 

 <gf >^ inner layer, whose r61e is chiefly mechanical. 



FIG. 809. A leaf of a In some leaves stiffness is increased further 

 broad-leaved sclerophyll, the by bast fibers, collenchy ma cells, and sclereids 

 American holly (Ilex opaca), ( } fa adyant f fa cutiniza . 



constituting a representative 



coriaceous leaf of xerophytic tion to mesophytes (as Taxus, Tsuga, and 

 aspect, its stiffness being due Ficus) is more difficult to discern. Possibly 



such plants have limited root systems and 



relatively slight' absorption or imperfect conduction (as in some coni- 

 fers), the cuticle thus being advantageous in reducing transpiration. 

 Possibly the cutin has no role of importance in such plants, repre- 

 senting a surviving structure once of use in some former xerophytic hab- 

 itat, or, perhaps, a structure which was never of particular advantage. 



Surface peculiarities; wax and resin deposits. Many leaves, espe- 

 cially those that appear " glaucous," have a bluish gray surface film of 

 wax, sometimes known as bloom, which is 

 readily removed by rubbing (fig. 810). Some- 

 times these wax deposits are thick, forming a 

 brittle crust, as in Sempervivum and in the 

 wax palms, or layers of vertical rods, as in FIG. 8 10. A cross section 

 the sugar cane. Wax coats are best developed through the leaf epidermis of 



, -, , \ j a xerophytic individual of the 



in xerophytes (e.g. Agave, Crassulaceae), and glaucbus willow (Salix glauco _ 

 like cutin, they appear to be increased by phyiia\ showing just outside 

 excessive transpiration. In common with the cuticle (0 a thick layer of 



. . - wax grains (6), constituting a 



other xerophytic features, glaucous leaves are g]aucous bloom; highly mag . 

 abundant in peat bogs and in maritime situa- nified. 

 tions; in solutions of increasing concentration 



the layer of bloom increases in thickness. Thin as they are, wax 

 coats effectively impede transpiration, the mere rubbing of a glaucous 

 leaf sometimes inducing an increase of a third in the transpired 

 water. Wax coats also retard the heating of leaves. As with 

 hairs, but not with cutin, wax coats are best developed on the 



