466 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



CHAP. 



(e) Sensory papillae, sensory hairs, etc., have also been observed on the various 

 sensory feet of the Echinoidea. 



[On the polymorphism of the ambulacral appendages, see the section on the 

 Water Vascular System, D, p. 431. 



B. Nerve Endings in the Integument. 



A close plexus of nerve fibres is developed within the body epithelium of the 

 Echinoidea and Asteroidea. This plexus is more strongly developed, i.e. closer and 

 thicker at points which are specially sensitive to external stimuli, such as the 



fascioles of the Echinoidea, round 

 the bases of the pedicellarite, and on 

 the gills (the so-called papulte) of 

 the Asteroidea, and at the bases of 

 the spines of the Echinoidea. 



[For the sensory prominences on 

 the pedicellariae, see p. 399.] 



In the Crinoidca and Ophi- 

 uroidea, sensory nerves continually 



- : - ;s ^^**iii^ ^ ? ramifying more and more finely, 



* < ''?;i0>S5^6 nm through the (calcined) cutis to 

 the surface of the body. The 

 manner in which these nerve fibres 

 terminate is unknown. Investiga- 

 tion on this point is the more 

 difficult as the epithelium appears 

 to be hardly distinguishable from 

 the cutis. 



At the edges of the food grooves 

 (on the arms and the oral disc) of 

 the Crinoidca, alternating with the 

 trilobed tentacles, groups consisting 

 of five to six sensory cells with 

 delicate immobile hairs, occur. 



Among the Holothurioidea, a 

 system of nerve fibres ramifying in 

 I) . \ the cutis has been described in 



'X,^ ,.-. Cucumaria. From these branches 



run to the nests of epithelial cells 



FIG. 375. Half of a transverse section through , * 



an ambulacral tentacle of Ophiothrix fragilis (com- sunk below the surface, which were 

 bined from figures by Hamann). 1, Body epithelium ; mentioned in connection with the 

 2, sensory papillse ; 3, cuticular connective tissue 



4, nerves to the sensory papillae; 5, longitudinal mus- 

 culature ; 6, epithelium of the tentacle canal (7) ; 

 8, tentacle nerve. 



integument, p. 415. A similar 

 arrangement has been found in 

 other Actinopoda. 



In the Paractinopoda (Synapta, 

 Anapta] numerous scattered sensory or tactile papillae are found on the integument, 

 which, at such points, bulges out to form prominences. At the centre of such a 

 prominence a group of sensory cells forms the tactile papilla. A distinct nerve runs 

 from each papilla to a large tactile ganglion lying in the cutis beneath it. The 

 epithelial cells surrounding the papilla are differentiated into glandular cells 

 inhaerens). 



