LITERATURE. 319 



Mysidae and the Cumacea to the Arthrostraca, which we must regard as derived 

 from the Schizopoda by the degeneration of the dorsal shield, the stalked eyes, 

 and the exopodites of the thoracic limbs. This derivation has recently been 

 strongly advocated by BOAS (No. 4). It is supported by the structure of the 

 Anisopoda, in which rudimentary exopodites are retained on the two anterior 

 thoracic limbs, and by the presence of a remnant of the dorsal shield. It 

 receives further countenance from NUSBAUM'S observation in the embryo of 

 Ligia (Lit., p. 189, No. 85a) of a biramose rudiment in the case of all the 

 thoracic limbs. The Anisopoda are nearly related to the Isopoda, among which 

 Asdlus especially has retained a primitive condition, while the Amphipoda 

 must be regarded as a more specialised group.* 



LITERATURE OF THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE 



CRUSTACEA. 

 Crustacea in General. 



1. BATE, C. SPENCE. Report on the present state of our know- 



ledge of the Crustacea. Report of the British Association 

 Adv. Sci. 1878. 



2. BATE, C. SPEXCE, and WESTWOOD, J. 0. A History of the 



British Sessile-eyed Crustacea. 2 Vols. London, 1861-1868. 



3. BELL, TH. A History of the British Stalk- eyed Crustacea. 



London, 1853. 



4. BOAS, J. E. V. Studien liber die Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen 



der Malacostraken. Morph. Jahrb. Bd. viii. 1883. 



5. GLAUS, C. Die morphologiscben Beziehungen der Copepoden, 



Phyllopoden, Cirrhipedien etc. Zeitschr. Naturwiss. Wiirz- 

 burg. Bd. iii. 1862. 



* [Anaspides, a most remarkable fresh -water Crustacean from Tasmania, 

 combines in many respects the characters of the Schizopoda and Arthrostraca. 

 In general form it resembles the Amphipoda, but it possesses stalk eyes, 

 auditory organs in the two-jointed protopodite of the antennule, exopodites 

 and epipodial plates on the thoracic limbs, and typical biramose swimmerets 

 on the abdomen. It was placed by THOMSON (Trans. Lin. Soc. Zool. (2), vi. 3) 

 among the Schizopoda. Great interest lies in the comparison made by CALMAX 

 (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., xxxviii., p. 787) between Anaspides and the Palaeozoic 

 forms Palaeocaris, Gampsonyx, and Acanthotclson. ED.] 



[Since the above was published in 1891, a new attempt has been made to 

 deduce the Crustacea from the Phyllopoda, Apus being the form Avhich, it is 

 claimed, supplies all the requirements of the common ancestor. BERNARD'S 

 arguments are too numerous to be detailed here, and should be studied in the 

 originals (App. to Lit. on Crust, in Gen., I. and II.). We will confine ourselves 

 to remarking that this derivation would account for the very general presence 

 of the Nauplius larval form, the Nauplius being merely the young Apus stage 

 in the development of its derived forms. BERNARD'S method of deducing Apus 

 from an Annelid with its prostomium and mouth bent ventral ly so as to use its 

 parapodia as jaws seems, as he claims, to find support from the varying mouth- 

 parts of the Trilobita and the Gigantostraca, and, in general, it must be admitted 

 that the recent discoveries of the appendages of Trilobites have largely helped to 

 confirm his argument. On the other hand, it has led him to conclusions about 

 the origin of the shell- and antennal-glands, which most investigators of the 

 ontogeny of these organs will not regard as justifiable. ED.] 



