TEMPERATUKE OF THE BODY. 191 



body, produced by active exercise, is but small ; the great ap- 

 parent increase of heat depending, in a great measure, on the 

 increased circulation and quantity of blood, and, therefore, 

 greater heat, in parts of the body (as the skin, and especially 

 the skin of the extremities), which, at the same time that they 

 feel more acutely than others any changes of temperature are, 

 under ordinary conditions, by some degrees colder than organs 

 more centrally situated. 



That the increased temperature of the skin during exercise 

 is not accompanied by a proportional increase of the heat of 

 other parts, which are naturally much warmer, is well shown 

 by some observations of Dr. J. Davy. 



Climate and Season. In passing from a temperate to a 

 hot climate the temperature of the human body rises slightly, 

 the increase rarely exceeding 2 to 3 F. In summer the 

 temperature of the body is a little higher than in winter ; the 

 difference amounting to from ^ to F. (Wunderlich.) 



The same effects are observable in alterations of tempera- 

 ture not depending on season or climate. 



Food and Drink. The effect of a meal upon the tempera- 

 ture of a body is but small. A very slight rise usually occurs. 



Cold alcoholic drinks depress the temperature somewhat 

 (J to 1 F.). Warm alcoholic drinks, as well as warm tea 

 and coffee, raise the temperature (about F.). 



In disease the temperature of the body deviates from the 

 normal standard to a greater extent than would be anticipated 

 from the slight effect of external conditions during health. 

 Thus, in some diseases, as pneumonia and typhus, it occasion- 

 ally rises as high as 106 or 107 F. ; and considerably higher 

 temperatures have been noted. In a case of malignant fever 

 recently recorded by Mr. Norman Moore, the temperature in 

 the axilla rapidly rose to 111 F. ; when the patient died. 

 The highest temperature recorded in a living man, 112.5 F., 

 was observed by Wunderlich, in a case of idiopathic tetanus, 

 at the time of death. In the morbus cceruleus, in which there 

 is defective arterialization of the blood from malformation of 

 the heart, the temperature of the body may be as low as 79 

 or 77J ; in Asiatic cholera a thermometer placed in the mouth 

 sometimes rises only to 77 or 79 ; and in a case of tubercular 

 meningitis, observed by Dr. Gee, the temperature of the rec- 

 tum remained for hours at 79.4 F. 



The temperature maintained by Mammalia in an active 

 state of life according to the tables of Tiedemann and Kudolphi, 

 averages 101. The extremes recorded by them were 96 and 

 106 D , the former in the narwhal, the latter in a bat (Vesper- 

 tilio pipistrella). In birds, the average is as high as 107 ; 



