SHALLOW-WATER STARFISHES 289 



He recognizes four species in each genus, thus reducing many 

 nominal species to synonyms. 



These genera are not found on either coast of America. The 

 species are mostly Australian. 



Subfamily GONIASTERIN& Verrill. 



Goniasterina VERRILL, Revision, p. 145, 1899. Fisher, op. cit., i$iib, P- 196, 



(includes Mediasterina). 

 Pentagonasterina (pars) SLADEN, Voy. Challenger, xxx, pp. 262, 264, 1889. 



In this extensive group the dorsal and actinal plates are generally 

 tesselated, polygonal, or rounded, often stellate, in pretty close con- 

 tact, or else with intervening plates or ossicles of small size. They 

 may be either granulated, or else smooth and naked, except for a 

 marginal series of granules ; sometimes they bear large conical tuber- 

 cles or spines. Papulae usually placed singly around the radial plates. 

 Pedicellariae, when present, foraminate and usually small, commonly 

 with slender, flat, spoon-shaped or spatulate valves (plataleiform) 

 and fossate ; sometimes with large, wide, plain, short valves. 



Genus CERAMASTER Verrill (as subgenus), Fisher. 



Astro gonium (pars) MULLER and TROSCHEL, Syst Ast., 1842. 

 Pentagonaster (pars) PERRIER, Revision, p. 20, 1876 (non Gray, 1840). 

 Pentagonaster (pars) SLADEN, Voy. Chall., xxx, p. 264, 1889 (non Gray). 



Perrier, Exp. Trav. et Talism., pp. 389, 390, 1894. 

 Tosia, subgenus Ceramaster VERRILL, Revision Genera, etc., in Trans. Conn. 



Acad., x, pp. 148, 158, 160, 1899. 

 Ceramaster FISHER, op. cit, 191 ib, p. 204. 

 Philonaster KCEHLER, Investigator Exped., 1909, p. 74 (teste Fisher). 



Form, short-rayed stellate. The marginal plates are very regular 

 and generally correspond pretty closely in the upper and lower series, 

 except distally; an odd interradial plate sometimes occurs abnor- 

 mally; they are usually closely granulated, but sometimes have a 

 small, naked central area, with rows of granules around the margins. 

 Apical plate small. The abactinal plates of the radial areas are 

 granulated, somewhat tabulate, their bases most often hexagonal or 

 roundish, with lobes, and crowded pretty closely together, without 

 special intervening or radiating connective ossicles, and usually 

 without many secondary plates of small size ; they sometimes extend 

 to the apical plates. Superambulacral plates are lacking. 



Interactinal plates are tesselated and granulated. The papular 

 pores are usually rather numerous, generally placed singly in the 

 angles between the plates of the basal radial areas, and sometimes 

 20 



