SHALLOW-WATER STARFISHES 333 



the east American coast from Greenland south to Cape Cod in 

 shallow water, and in deep water to the latitude of Cape Hatteras. 

 Particularly abundant in the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay, 

 in 20 to 100 fathoms, where several hundreds are often taken at one 

 haul of the dredge. It is also common on the northern coasts of 

 Europe, south to Norway and the Faroe Islands. I have seen a 

 number of specimens from northern Alaska. Off Chilikoff (Pro- 

 fessor Kincaid), described above, and from Vancouver Island. 



C. krausei Ludwig was described from two small specimens from 

 Bering Sea. Both specimens had the larger radius 18 mm; lesser, 

 9.5 mm. Subsequently Ludwig himself referred them to C. crispa- 

 tus. According to his figure (see pi. v, fig. 6), they differ from 

 those described above in having only two double columns of actinal 

 plates in the interradial areas, due, perhaps, to immaturity. 



Fisher records it from numerous localities in the North Pacific, 

 mostly from Bering Sea and off Alaska, southward to California, in 

 31 to 1033 fathoms, and off the Asiatic coast to Japan. Off Gulf of 

 California and Panama (Ludwig). Dr. Fisher also believes that the 

 forms described from off the two coasts of southern South America 

 as C. australis and C. procurator, by Sladen, are not distinct. If this 

 be true, its range would be greatly extended. 



It is a very variable species, if all the forms belong to one species. 



Family LU1DIIDM Verrill. 



Luidiida VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., x, p. 201, 1899. Fisher, op. cit, 191 1&, 



p. 105. 

 Luidiina (subfamily) SLADEN, op. cit, pp. 175, 244, 1889. 



Disk small, covered with true paxillae, which are usually largest at 

 the sides of disk and rays ; rays five to ten or more, long, flat, flexible 

 in life ; upper marginal plates small, paxillif orm or indistinguishable ; 

 lower ones large, spinose, fascicled, corresponding in number and 

 length with the adambulacrals and separated from them throughout 

 the rays by a small peractinal plate. 



The dorsal nephridial glands, or " coecal appendages," intestine 

 and dorsal pore are lacking; the superomarginal plates are small, 

 usually not easily distinguishable. The papulae are branched. 



The gonads are multiple and arranged in rows, with separate pores 

 along the sides of the rays. 



Pedicellariae usually present on the actinal side, usually forceps- 

 like, with two or three blades, or spiniform. 



